Procession

For Procession, a total of 53 epidemic events are known so far. It is a social response.

Table

Table

Page	DateStart date of the disease.	SummarySummary of the disease event	OriginalOriginal text	TranslationEnglish translation of the text	ReferenceReference(s) to literature	Reference translationReference(s) to the translation
1260-00-00-Bologna	1260 JL	Epidemic in connection with the flagellants.	Nell' Anno 1260 seguiura una attrocissima mortalita, che li sette ottavi delle Persone occissi alla sua falce, molte Cittade rimasero disabitate e fù al tempo del B. Riniero dove fù necessario per placare l' ira di Dio, che le persone andassero in Processione nudi insino alla centura disciplinandosi.	In the year 1260 there followed a very terrible death, so that the seven eighths of the people came to his sickle, many cities were left uninhabited and it was at the time of B. Riniero where it was necessary to appease the wrath of God, that the people went in procession naked to the centurion, disciplining themselves.	Template:Giacomo dal Gambaro, p. 182r.	Translation by DeepL
1328-02-18-Prague	18 February 1328 JL	After lunar eclipse heavy storm for one month; high mortality and cattle plague in April, after that processions in Prague	Eodem anno in plenilunio mensis Marcii luna eclipsatur, ventus validissimus per hebdomadas quatuor continuatus hanc eclipsim subsequitur; multitudo hominum mense Aprili moritur, et in pluribus mundi partibus pestilencia pecorum oritur valde gravis. Porro Elizabeth, Bohemie regina, metu tante plage perterrita processiones cum reliquiis sanctorum universo clero Pragensi indicit et populo; quibus factis notabiliter cessavit quassacio et placatus factus est Dominus populo suo. Hac nece cessante gaudet populus velut ante.		Chronicon Aulae Regia 1301-1339 2, p. 288, lib. 2, cap. 20.	Translation needed
1340-03-00-Florence	March 1340 JL	Beginning of a severe epidemic that lasts into the winter and claims 15,000 lives (1/6 of the city), fewer deaths in the surrounding area, grain imported from there; Processions in Florence	Che incontanente cominciò grande mortalità, che quale si ponea malato, quasi nullo ne scampava; e morinne più che il sesto di cittadini pure de' migliori e più cari, maschi e femmine, che non rimase famiglia ch'alcuno non ne morisse, e dove due o ttre e più; e durò quella pestilenzia infino al verno vegnente. E più di XVm corpi tra maschi e femmine e fanciulli se ne sepellirono pure nella città, onde la città era tutta piena di pianto e di dolore, e non si intendea apena ad altro, ch'a sopellire morti. E però si fece ordine che come il morto fosse recato alla chiesa la gente si partisse; che prima stavan tanto che si facea l'asequio, e a tali la predicta con solenni uffici a' maggiorenti; e ordinossi che non andasse banditore per morti. In contado non fu sì grande la mortalita, ma pure ne morirono assai. Con essa pistolenza seguì la fame e il caro, agiunta a quello dell' anno passato; che con tutto lo scemo di morti valse lo staio del grano più di soldi XXX, e più sarebbe assai valuto, se non che 'l Comune ne fece provedenza di farne venire di pelago [...] [p. 227] Per questa mortalità, a dì XVIII di giugno, per consiglio del vescovo e di religiosi si fece in Firenze generale processione, ove furono quasi tutti i cittadini sani maschi e femmine col corpo di Cristo ch'è a Santo Ambruogio, e con esso s'andò per tutta la terra infino a ora di nona, con più di CL torchi accesi	Suddenly there began a great mortality, so that almost no one who fell ill could escape it; and more than a sixth of the best and dearest citizens, male and female, died, so that there was no family that did not die, and where two or three or more; and the pestilence lasted until the coming winter. And more than fifteen male and female bodies and children were buried in the city, so that the city was filled with weeping and sorrow, and there was nothing else to do but mourn the dead. And so it was ordered that when the dead were brought to the church, the people should leave; they had been so long before the funeral was made, and then they were preached with solemn offices to the mayors; and it was ordered that no bannermen should go out for the dead. In the countryside the death toll was not so great, but there were many who died. The famine and dearth followed, added to that of the previous year, so that with all the death toll, the staio of grain was worth more than 30 money, and it would have been worth much more, if the Commune had not taken steps to bring in more money [...] [p... 227] Because of this mortality, on the eighteenth day of June, on the advice of the bishop and the religious, a general procession was held in Florence, where almost all the healthy male and female citizens were present with the body of Christ, which is in Santo Ambruogio, and with it it went throughout the whole city until the ninth hour, with more than 150 torchi lit	Template:Giovanni Villani 1990, vol. 3, pp. 226–227	Translation by DeepL
1347-00-00-Italy1	1347 JL	Spread of the Black Death across the Mediterranean into Italy and its major islands with processions emerging in Florence.	E stesesi la detta pistolenza infino in Turchia e grecia, avendo prima ricerco tutto Levante i Misopotania, Siria, Caldea, Suria, Ciptro, il Creti, i Rodi, e tutte l'isole dell'Arcipelago di Grecia, e poi si stese in Cicilia, e Sardigna, Corsica, ed Elba, e per simile modo tutte le marine e riviere di nostri mari; ed otto galee di Genovesi c'erano ite nel mare Maggiore, morendo la maggiore parte, non ne tornarono che quattro galee piene d'infermi, morendo al continuo; e quelli che giunsono a Genova, tutti quasi morirono, e corruppono sì l'aria dove (p. 487) arivavano, che chiunque si riparava co lloro poco apresso morivano. Ed era una maniera d'infermità, che non giacia l'uomo III dì, aparendo nell'anguinaia o sotto le ditella certi enfiati chiamati gavoccioli, e tali ghianducce, e tali gli chiamavano bozze, e sputando sangue. E al prete che confessava lo 'nfermo, o guardava, spess s'apiccava la detta pistilenza per modo ch'ogni infermo era abbandonato di confessione, sagramento, medicine e guardie. Per la quale sconsolazione il papa fece dicreto, perdonando colpa e pena a' preti che confessassono o dessono sagramento alli infermi, e lli vicitasse e guardasse. E durò questa pestilenzia fina a ... e rimasono disolate di genti molte province e cittadini. E per questa pistilenza, acciò che Iddio la cessasse e guardassene la nostra città di Firenze e d'intorno, si fece solenne processione in mezzo marzo MCCXLVII per tre dì. E tali son fatti i giudici di Dio per pulire i peccati de' viventi..	This pestilence spread into Turkey and Greece, having first circled the Levant—Mesopotamia, Assyria, Chaldea, Syria, Cyprus, Crete, Rhodes, and all the islands of the archipelago of Greece—and then spread to Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Elba and in like manner to all the shores and coasts of our seas. [When] eight Genoese galleys sailed into the Black Sea, the greater part of their crews died, and only four galleys returned, full of sick men who were dying one after another. Almost all those who reached Genoa died, and so corrupted the air where they landed, that whoever met with them died shortly afterward. This was the manner of the sickness: certain swellings appeared on the groin or below the armpits, swellings which some called gavoccioli and some ghianducce and some bozze, and which oozed blood. A man could not live for more than three days after they appeared. And this pestilence often attached itself to the priests who heard the confessions of the sick, or who looked after the sick, so that the sick were deprived of confession, sacrament, medicine, and watchers. This terrible problem led the pope to issue a decree, pardoning sin and penance to those priests who confessed or gave the sacrament to the sick, and who visited and watched over them. (p. 139) And this pestilence lasted until [. . .] and many provinces and cities were desolated. And in mid-March 1347, a solemn procession was held [every day] for three days, so that the Lord God might end this pestilence and Protect our city of Florence and its surroundings. ‘Thus do the judgments of God cleanse the sins of the living. Let us leave this matter, and speak somewhat of the deeds of the newly elected Emperor Charles of Bohemia.	Giovanni Villani 1990, vol. 3, pp. 487–488	None
1347-10-00-Messina2	October 1347 JL	Procession to counter the outbreak of the Black Death in Messina fails.	Cap. 29: Quomodo Messanenses adcesserunt ad beatam Maria de Scalis cum sacerdotali officio; et que signa, et miracula apparuerunt ibidem et de mortalitate in civitate Catanie, et de morte Ducis Joannis. Messanenses vero de hujusmodi mira visione territi, miro modo sunt universaliter effecti timidi. Quapropter ad beatam Virginem de Scalis per miliaria sex a civitate Messane distantem, scalciatis pedibus, cum processione sacerdotali, comuniter ambulare statuerunt. Ad quam appropinquantes Virginem, omnes unanimiter in terris fixerunt devotissime genua, cum lacrimis, Dei et beate Virginis clamantes subsidium; et ingredientes in ecclesiam supradictam, devotis orationibus, et sacerdotali cantilena divina clamantes, miserere nostri Deus, quamdam ymaginem matris Dei sculpitam, ibidem antiquitus constitutam, propriis manibus appreenderunt. Quam in civitatem Messanem elegerunt ingredi facere, propter cujus visionem et ingressionem putabant demonia a civitate eicere, et a tali mortalitate penitus liberari. Propter quod elegerunt quendam sacerdotem ydoneum dictam ymaginem super quodam equo in brachiis suis honorifice apportare. Et reveretentes ad dictam civitatem cum ymagine supradicta, dicta sacra Dei mater, dum vidit et appropinquavit da dictam civitatem, adeo sibi exosam reputavit, et totaliter peccatis sanguinolentam, quod post tergum reversa, non tantum intrare noluit in civitatem, sed ipsam aborruit oculis intueri. Propter quod tellus aperta extitit in profundum, et equus, super quo dicta Dei matris ferebatur ymago, fixus et immobilis extitit sicut petra, et precedere, vel retrocedere non valebat.	Chapter 29: How the People of Messina Approached the Blessed Mary of the Stairs with Priestly Devotion; the Signs and Miracles that Appeared There; and the Plague in the City of Catania, Along with the Death of Duke John. The people of Messina, terrified by such a miraculous vision, were universally struck with great fear. Therefore, they resolved to walk barefoot, in a solemn priestly procession, to the Blessed Virgin of the Stairs, located six miles from the city of Messina. When they approached the Virgin, they all fell unanimously to their knees on the ground with great devotion, crying out with tears for the help of God and the Blessed Virgin. Entering the aforementioned church, they prayed devoutly and sang divine hymns with priestly chants, calling upon God with the words, "Have mercy on us, O God." In the church, they took hold of a carved image of the Mother of God, which had been placed there in ancient times. They decided to bring this image into the city of Messina, believing that her presence and entry into the city would drive out demons and completely free the city from the plague. To this end, they selected a suitable priest to carry the image with reverence in his arms on horseback. However, as they returned to the city with the sacred image, the Holy Mother of God, upon seeing and approaching the city, found it so abhorrent, deeming it bloodstained with sin, that she turned her face away. Not only did she refuse to enter the city, but she also avoided even looking at it. Because of this, the earth opened to a great depth, and the horse carrying the image of the Mother of God became fixed and immovable, like a rock, unable to advance or retreat.	Michele da Piazza 1980, pp. 82-83.	None
1348-03-00-Firenze	March 1348 JL	Arrival of the Black Death in Florence: a most detailed description of all its impacts and consequences	Negli anni del Signore MCCXLVIII fu nella città di Firenze e nel contado grandissima pistilenzia, e fu di tale furore e di tanta tempesta, che nella casa dove s'appigliava chiunque servìa niuno malato, tutti quelli che lo' serviano, moriano di quel medesimo male, e quasi niuno passava lo quarto giorno, e non valeva nè medico, nè medicina, o che non fossero ancora conosciute quelle malattie, o che li medici non avessero sopra quelle mai studiato, non parea che rimedio vi fosse. Fu di tanta paura che niuno non sapea che si fare; quando s'appigliava in alcuna casa, spesso avvenia che non vi rimanea persona che non morisse. E non bastava solo gli uomini e le femmine, ma ancora gli animali sensitivi, cani e gatte, polli, buoi, asini e pecore moriano di quella malattia e con quel segno, e quasi niuno, a cui venà lo segno, o pochi, veniano a guarigione. Lo segno era questo, che, o tra la coscia e'l corpo al modo (nodo?) d'anguinaia, o sotto lo ditello apparia un grossetto, e la febbre a un tratto, e quando sputava, sputava sangue mescolato colla saliva, e quegli che sputava sangue niuno campava. Fu questa cosa di tanto spavento, che veggendo appiccarla in una casa, ove cominciava, come detto è, non vi rimanea niuno; le genti spaventate abbondanavano la casa, e fuggivano in un' altra; e chi nella città, e chi si fuggia in villa. Medici non si trovavano, perocchè moriano come gli altri; quelli che si trovavano, voleano smisurato prezzo in mano innanzi che intrassero nella casa, ed entratovi, tocavono il polso col viso volo adrieto, e' da lungi volevono vedere l'urina con cose odorifere al naso. Lo figluolo abbandonava il padre, lo marito la moglie, la moglie il marito, l'uno fratello l'altro, l'una sirocchia l'altra. Tutta la città non avea a fare altro che a portare morti a sepellire; mollti ne morirono, che non ebbono all lor fine nè confessione ed altri sacramenti; e moltissimi morirono che non fu chi li vedesse, e molti ne morirono di fame, imperocchè come uno si ponea in sul letto malato, quelli di casa sbigottiti gli diceano: “Io vo per lo medico” e serravano pianamente l'uscio da via, e non vi tornavano più. Costui abbandonato dalle persone e poi da cibo, ed accompagnato dalla febbre si venia meno. Molti erano, che sollicitavano li loro che non li abbandonassero, quando venia alla sera; e' diceano all'ammalato: “Acciocchè la notte tu non abbi per ogni cosa a destare chi ti serve, e dura fatica lo dì e la notte, totti tu stesso de' confetti e del vino o acqua, eccola qui in sullo soglio della lettiera (p. 231) sopra 'l capo tuo, e po' torre della roba”. E quando s'addormentava l'ammalato, se n'andava via, e non tornava. Se per sua ventura si trovava la notte confortato di questo cibo la mattina vivo e forte da farsi a finestra, stava mezz'ora innanzichè persona vi valicasse, se non era la via molto maestra, e quando pure alcun passava, ed egli avesse un poco di voce che gli fosse udito, chiamando, quando gli era risposto, non era soccorso. Imperocchè niuno, o pochi voleano intrare in casa, dove alcuno fosse malato, ma ancora non voelano ricettare di quelli, che sani uscissero della casa del malato, e diceano: "Egli è affatappiato, non gli parlate" dicendo: "E' l'ha perocchè in casa sua è il Gavocciolo; e chiamavano quelle inflato gavocciolo. Moltissimi morieno senza esser veduti, che stavano in sullo letto tanto che puzzavano. E la vicinanza, se v'era, sentito lo puzzo, mettevono per borsa, e lo mandavano a seppellire. Le case rimaneano aperte, e non er ardito persona di tocare nulla, che parea che le cose rimanessero avvelenate, che chi le usava gli s'appicava il male.Fecesi a ogni chiesa, o alle più, fosse infon all'acqua, larghe e cupe, secondo lo popolo era grande; e quivi chi non era molto ricco, la notte morto, quegli, a cui toccava, se lo metteva sopra la spalla, o gittavalo in questa fossa, o pagava gran prezzo a chi lo facesse. La mattina se ne trovavano assai nella fossa, toglievasi della terra, e gettavasi laggiuso loro addosso; e poi veniano gli altri sopr'essi, e poi la terra addosso a suolo, a suolo, con poca terra, come si ministrasse lasagne a fornire formaggio. Li' beccamorti, che facevano gli servigi, erono prezzolati di sì gran prezzo, che molti n'arrichirono, e molti ne morirono, chi ricco e chi con poco guadagno, ma gran prezzo avieno. Le serviziali, o o serviziali, che servieno li malati volieno da uno in tre fiorini per dì e le spese di cose fiorite. Le cose che mangiavano i malati, confetti e zucchero, smisuratamente valevano. Fu vendeuta di tre in otto fiorini la libbra di zucchero e al simile gli altri confetti. Li pollastri ed alti pollami a meraviglia carissimi, e l'uovo di prezzo di denari 12 in 24 l'uno; e beato chi ne trovava tre il dì con cercare tutta la città. La cera era miracolo; la libbra sarebba montata più di un fiorino, senonchè vi si puose freno alle grande burbanze, che sempre feciono gli Fiorentini, perocchè si diede ordine non si potesse portare più due doppieri. Le chiese non avieno più che una bara, com' è d'uso, non bastava. Li speziali e bechamorti avien prese bare, coltri e guanciali con grandissimo prezzo. Lo vestire di stamigna che si usava nei morti, che soleva costare una donna, gonella guarnacca e mantello e veli, fiorini tre, montò in pregio di fiorini trenta, e sarebbe ito in fiorini cento, se non che si levò di vestire della stamigna, e chi era ricco vestiva di panno, e chi non ricco in lenzoletto lo cucìa. Costava le panche, che si pongono i morti, uno sfolgoro, e ancora non bastava tutte le panche ch'erano il centesimo. Lo sonare delle campane non si potevano li preti contentare; di che si fece ordine tra per lo sbigottimento del sonare delle campane e per lo vender le panche e raffrenare le spese, che a niuno corpo si sonasse, nè si ponesse panche, nè si bandisse, perocchè l'udivano gli ammalati, sbigottivano li sani, nonchè i malati. Li preti e i frati andavano ai ricchi e in tanta moltitudine, ed erano sì pagati di tanto prezzo che tutti arrichieno. E però si fece ordine che non si potesse avere più che d'una regola e la chiesa del popolo, e per la regola sei frati e non più. Tutte le frutta nocive vietarono a entrare nella città, come susine acerbe, mandorle in erba, fave fresche, fichi ed ogni frutta [p. 232] non utile e non sana. Molte processioni ed orlique e la tavola di S. Maria Impruneta vennero andando per la città, gridando: "Misericordià", e facendo orazioni, e poi in sulla ringhiera dei Priori fermate. Vi si rendereno paci di gran questioni e di ferite e di morte d'uomini. Fu questa cosa di tanto sbigottimento e di tanta paura' che le genti si ragunavano in brigata a mangiare per pigliare qualche conforto; e dava l'uno la sera cena a dieci compagni, e l'altra sera davono ordine di mangiare con uno di quelli, e quando credevono cenare con quello, ed egli era senza cena, che quegli era malato, o quando era fatta la cena per dieci, vi se ne trovava meno due o tre. Chi si fuggìa in villa, chi nelle castella per mutare aria; ove non eralo portavono, se v'era lo crescevano. Niuna Arte si lavorava in Firenze: tutte le botteghe serrate, tutte le taverne chiuse, salvo speziali e chiese. Per la Terra andavi, che non trovavi persona; e molti buoni e ricchi uomini erano portati dalla casa a chiesa nella bara con quattro beccamortì et uno chiericuzzo che portava la croce, e poi volieno uno fiorino uno. Di questa mortalità arricchirono speziali, medici, pollaiuoli, beccamorti, trecche di malva, ortiche, marcorelle et altre erbe da impiastri per macerare malori. E fu più quelle che feciono queste trecche d'erbe, fu gran denaro. Lanaiuoli, e ritagliatori che si trovarono panni li vendeano ciò che chiedeono. Ristata la mortalità chi si trovò panni fatti d'ogni ragione n'aricchiì, o chi si trovò da poterne fare; ma molti se ne trovarono intignati' e guasti e perduti a' telai; e stame e lana in quantità perdute per la città e contado. Questa pistolenza cominciò di marzo, come detto è, e finì di settembre 1348. E le genti cominciavono a tornare e rivedersi le case e le masserizie. E fu tante le case pien di tutti li beni, che non avevono signore, ch'era un stupore, poi si cominciarono a vedere gli eredi dei beni. E tale che non aveva nulla si trovò ricco, che non pareva che fusse suo, ed a lui medesimo pareva gli si disdicesse. E cominciornon a sfogiare nei vestimenti e ne' cavagli e le donne e gli uomini	In the year of our lord 1348 there occurred in the city and contado of Florence a great pestilence, and such was its fury and violence that in whatever household it took hold, whosoever took care of the sick, all the carers died of the same illness, and almost nobody survived beyond the fourth day, neither doctors nor medicine proving of any avail, and there appeared to be no remedy, either because those illnesses were not yet recognised, or because doctors had never previously had cause to study them properly. Such was the fear that nobody knew what to do: when it caught hold in a household, it often happened that not a single person escaped death. And it wasn't just men and women: even sentient animals such as dogs and cats, hens, oxen, donkeys and sheep, died from that same disease and with those symptoms, and almost none who displayed those symptoms, or very few indeed, effected a recovery. Those symptoms were as follows: either between the thigh and the body, in the groin region, or under the armpit, there appeared a lump, and a sudden fever, and when the victim spat, he spat blood mixed with saliva, and none of those who spat blood survived. Such was the terror this caused that seeing it take hold in a household, as soon as it started, nobody remained: everybody abandoned the dwelling in fear, and fled to another; some fled into the city and others into the countryside. No doctors were to be found, because they were dying like everybody else; those who could be found wanted exorbitant fees cash-in-hand before entering the house, and having entered, they took the patient's pulse with their heads turned away, and assayed the urine samples from afar, with aromatic herbs held to their noses. Sons abandoned fathers, husbands wives, wives husbands, one brother the other, one sister the other. The city was reduced to bearing the dead to burial; many died who at their passing had neither confession nor last sacraments, and many died unseen, and many died of hunger, for when somebody took ill to his bed, the other occupants in panic told him: 'I'm going for the doctor'; and quietly locked the door from the outside and didn't come back. The victim, abandoned by both people and nourishment, yet kept constant company by fever, wasted away. Many were those who begged their families not to abandon them; when evening came, the relatives said to the patient: 'So that you don't have to wake up the people looking after you at night, asking for things, because this is going on day and night, you yourself can reach for cakes and wine or water, here they are on the shelf above your bed, you can get the stuff when you want'. And when the patient fell asleep, they went away and did not return. If, through good fortune the victim had been strengthened by that food, the next morning alive and still strong enough to get to the window, he would have to wait half an hour before anybody came past, if this was not a busy thoroughfare, and even when the odd person passed by, and the patient had enough voice to be heard a little, if he shouted, sometimes he would be answered and sometimes not, and even if he were to be answered, there was no help to be had. For not only none or very few wished to enter a house where there were any sick people, but they didn't even want to have contact with those who issued healthy from a sick person's house, saying: 'He's jinxed, don't speak to him', saying: 'He's got it because there's the "gavocciolo" [bubo] in his house'; and 'gavocciolo' was the name they gave to these swellings. Many died without being seen, remaining on their beds till they stank. And the neighbours, if any were left, having smelled the stench, did a whip round and sent him for burial. Houses remained open, nobody dared to touch anything, for it seemed that things remained poisoned, and whoever had anything to do with them caught the disease. At every church, or at most of them, pits were dug, down to the water-table, as wide and deep as the parish was populous; and therein, whosoever was not very rich, having died during the night, would be shouldered by those whose duty it was, and would either be thrown into this pit, or they would pay big money for somebody else to do it for them. The next morning there would be very many in the pit. Earth would be taken and thrown down on them; and then others would come on top of them, and then earth on top again, in layers, with very little earth, like garnishing lasagne with cheese. The gravediggers who carried out these functions were so handsomely paid that many became rich and many died, some already rich and others having earned little, despite the high fees. The female and male sick-bay attendants demanded from one to three florins a day, plus sumptuous expenses. The foodstuffs suitable for the sick, cakes and sugar, reached outrageous prices. A pound of sugar was sold at between three and eight florins, and the same went for other confectionery. Chickens and other poultry were unbelievably expensive, and eggs were between 12 and 24 denari each: you were lucky to find three in a day, even searching through the whole city. Wax was unbelievable: a pound of wax rose to more than a florin, nevertheless an age-old arrogance of the Florentines was curbed, in that an order was given not to parade more than two large candles. The churches only had one bier apiece, as was the custom, and this was insufficient. Pharmacists and grave-diggers had obtained biers, hangings and laying-out pillows at great price. The shroud-cloth apparel which used to cost, for a woman, in terms of petticoat, outer garment, cloak and veils, three florins, rose in price to thirty florins, and would have risen to one hundred florins, except that they stopped using shroud-cloth, and whoever was rich was dressed with plain cloth, and those who weren't rich were sewn up in a sheet. The benches placed for the dead cost a ludicrous amount, and there weren't enough of them even if there had been a hundred times more. The priests couldn't get enough of ringing the bells: so an order was passed, what with the panic caused by the bells ringing and the sale of benches and the curbing of spending, that nobody should be allowed the death-knell, nor should benches be placed, nor should there be a public announcement by the crier, because the sick could hear them, and the healthy took fright as well as the sick. The priests and friars thronged to the rich, and were paid such great sums that they all enriched themselves. And so an ordinance was passed that only one rule (of religious houses) and the local church could be had, and from that rule a maximum of six friars. All harmful fruit, such as unripe plums, unripe almonds, fresh beans, figs and all other inessential unhealthy fruit, was forbidden from entering the city. Many processions and relics and the painting of Santa Maria Impruneta were paraded around the city, to cries of 'Mercy', and with prayers, coming to a halt at the rostrum of the Priori. There peace was made settling great disputes and questions of woundings and killings. Such was the panic this plague provoked that people met for meals as a brigata to cheer themselves up; one person would offer a dinner to ten friends, and the next evening it would be the turn of one of the others to offer the dinner, and sometimes they thought they were going to dine with him, and he had no dinner ready, because he was ill, and sometimes the dinner had been prepared for ten and two or three less turned up. Some fled to the country, and some to provincial towns, to get a change of air; where there was no plague they brought it, and where it already existed they added to it. No industry was busy in Florence; all the workshops were locked up, all the inns were closed, only chemists and churches were open. Wherever you went, you could find almost nobody; many rich good men were borne from their house to church in their coffin with just four undertakers and a lowly cleric carrying the cross, and even then they demanded a florin apiece. Those who especially profited from the plague were the chemists, the doctors, the poulterers, the undertakers, and the women who sold mallow, nettles, mercury plant and other poultice herbs for drawing abscesses. And those who made the most were these herb sellers. Woollen merchants and retailers when they came across cloth could sell it for whatever price they asked. Once the plague had finished, anybody who could get hold of whatsoever kind of cloth, or found the raw materials to make it, became rich; but many ended up moth-eaten, spoilt and useless for the looms, and thread and raw wool lost in the city and the contado. This plague began in March as has been said, and finished in September 1348. And people began to return to their homes and belongings. And such was the number of houses full of goods that had no owner, that it was amazing. Then the heirs to this wealth began to turn up. And someone who had previously had nothing suddenly found himself rich, and couldn't believe it was all his, and even felt himself it wasn't quite right. And both men and women began to show off with clothes and horses.	Marchionne di Coppo Stefani 1903, pp. 230-232	None
1348-04-08-Perugia	8 April 1348 JL	Outbreak of the Black Death in Perugia; description of contempory medical responses and cultural coping mechanisms	Adi 8 d'aprile cominciò in Perugia la moria grande, che a chi veniva male non vivea più che due giorni. Cominciò questa mortalità in Toscana , et spezialmente a Pisa. Fo questa mortalità generale quasi che per tutto il mondo. Si facevano grandissime processioni , discipline et orazioni. Fecero qui da noi alcuni medici notomia : trovarono che vicino al cuore nasceva una biscica piena di veneno: facevano sanguenare per la vena del cuore, et si facevano fuochi grandi, et si cibava chi potesse di cose buone et delicate : non bastavano i cimiteri et le sepolture per li corpi morti. Ognuno usava triaca, et chi non poteva usasse la scabbiosa o marobio o erbella , et embuono et asenso o ruta , santonico, et sopratulto si costuma sempre di portare erbe odorifere , et ordinarono un succo con molte cose aromatiche da portar sempre al naso.	On the 8th of April, the great plague began in Perugia, where anyone who fell ill would not live more than two days. This mortality began in Tuscany, and especially in Pisa. This mortality was almost universal throughout the world. Large processions, flagellations, and prayers were conducted. Some doctors here performed autopsies: they found that near the heart a bladder filled with poison was forming. They would bleed the patients through the vein of the heart, and large fires were made, and those who could would eat good and delicate foods. The cemeteries and burial grounds were not sufficient for the dead bodies. Everyone used theriac, and those who could not would use scabiosa or horehound or erba bella, and embuono and asenso or rue, santonica, and above all, it became customary to always carry fragrant herbs, and they ordered a juice with many aromatic things to always be carried to the nose	Fabretti 1850, p. 68.	Translation by ChatGPT-3.5
1349-04-05-Frankfurt	5 April 1349 JL	Outbreak of the Black Death in Frankfurt accompanied by supplicatory processions and the presence of flagellants.	Die palmarum eodem anno et die exaltationis sanctae crucis fuit statio generalis cappis nigris nudis pedibus propter epidemiam habita Francofordiae. Flagellantes etiam fuerunt hic magno numero (Antiquitates) / Die exaltationis sanctae crucis stacio generalis cappis nigris nudis pedibus propter epidimiam habebatur (Acta).	On Palm Sunday of the same year (1349), and on the day of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, a general procession was held in Frankfurt for those affected by the epidemic, with people wearing black cloaks and barefoot. There were also a great number of flagellants present (Antiquitates) / On the day of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, a general procession was held in Frankfurt for those affected by the epidemic, with people wearing black cloaks and barefoot (Acta).	Joannes Latomus 1884, p. 93.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1349-07-05-Strasbourg	5 July 1349 JL	200 flagellants arrived in Strasbourg and made their typical processions.	Von der grossen geischelfart. In dem vorgeschriben jore, do men zalte 1349 jor, als men vaste starp und die Juden brante, 14 tage nach sünigihten [solstice] do koment gein (p. 765) Strosburg uf 200 geischeler, die hettent leben und wise also ich ein teil hie sagen wil. zum ersten so hetten sü gar kosper vanen uf 8 oder 10 von semyt und sydin, und also menige gewunden kertze. die drug men in vor wo sü in stette oder dörfer gingent, und sturmete men alle glocken gegen in, und die geischeler gingent den vanen noch ie zwene und zwene mittenander, und hettent alle mentelin ane und huete uffe mit roten crüzen und zwene sungent vor und denne die andern alle noch.	About the Great Procession of the Flagellants. In the year 1349, when there was great mortality and Jews were being burned, 14 days after the summer solstice, 200 flagellants came to Strasbourg. They were living and behaving in a way I will describe here. First, they carried large banners with 8 or 10 images of saints and angels, and many wrapped candles. They processed through towns and villages, and all the church bells were rung in opposition to them. The flagellants marched in groups of two or three, each carrying a banner, and they all wore mantles and hats with red crosses. They sang in front, and the others followed.	Jacobus Twinger von Könishofen: Chronik 1870-71, p. 764-765	Translation by ChatGPT-3.5
1356-09-21-Frankfurt	21 September 1356 JL	Outbreak of plague in Frankfurt with a general procession.	Anno 1356 in die sancti Matthaei Francoforti statio generalis propter epidemiam habebatur et 6 5 et 4 calendas octobris in ecclesia sancti Bartholomaei ob pestilentiam missa "recordare" etc., membro quolibet nigra cappa induto candelam caerae manu tenennte, cantabatur.	In the year 1356, on the feast of Saint Matthew, a general assembly was held in Frankfurt due to the epidemic. And on the sixth, fifth, and fourth days before the Kalends of October [September 26th, 27th, and 28th], at the church of Saint Bartholomew, because of the plague, the Mass "Recordare" was celebrated, with each member wearing a black cloak and holding a candle in hand, made of wax.	Collectaneen Schurg 1884, p. 153.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1356-09-26-Frankfurt	26 September 1356 JL	Outbreak of the plague in Frankfurt accompanied by supplicatory processions.	Et eodem anno [1356] habita est supplicatio publica propter pestem epidemiae Francofordiae, singulis in manu tenentibus candelam (Antiquitates) / Eodem anno [1356] fuit stacio generalis propter epidemiam, et sexto quinto ac quarto calendas octobris cautatum fuit in ecclesia nostra officium "recordare", quolibet sacerdote candelam ardentem manu tenente (Acta).	And in the same year (1356), a public supplication was held due to the epidemic plague in Frankfurt, with everyone holding a candle in their hand (Antiquitates) / In the same year [1356], there was a general assembly due to the epidemic, and on the sixth, fifth, and fourth days before the Kalends of October [September 26th, 27th, and 28th], the office of "recordare" was sung in our church, with each priest holding a burning candle in hand (Acta).	Joannes Latomus 1884, p. 97.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1359-10-05-Bohemia	1358 JL	The archbishop of Prague, Arnošt of Pardubice, grants an indulgence of 40 days to everybody who will participate in processions held and masses read to appease God and make him relieve the land from the plague which has it in its grip since the previous year.	Cum corporalis infirmitas frequenter animi aegritudinem subsequatur, et e contra correctis et emendatis vitiis plaga propter peccatorum pondus inflicta desinit desaevire. Hinc est, quod, cum mortalitatis pestilentia ob multitudinem . . pecatorum nostrorum, sicut versimiliter formidamus, ante paucos annos transactos et etiam anno proxime praeterito patriam istam invasisset et nobis poenitentiam agentibus et cessantibus a peccando plaga illa cessavit a nobis, nunc vero recidivantibus nobis in peccata dimissa tamquam si canes ad vomitum revertantur, et forsam quod non sine amaritudine cordis adicimus, quia non veriti fuimus maxime peccata cumulare, prioribus pestilentia saevior iterato est reversa. Nam cum priori vice hominibus ipsius pestilentiae morbo infectis poenitentiae spatium ex misericordia Domini concedebatur per triduum, nunc ipso die, quo inficiuntur, ut plurimum moriuntur.	When bodily weakness frequently follows the distress of the soul, and, on the other hand, the wound inflicted due to the weight of sins ceases to rage when the faults are corrected and amended. Hence it is that, when the pestilence of mortality, on account of the multitude of our sins, as we reasonably fear, invaded this country a few years ago and even in the past year, and that plague ceased from us as we repented and refrained from sinning, but now, with us relapsing into forgiven sins, it returns as if dogs return to vomit, and perhaps we say this not without bitterness of heart because we were not afraid to accumulate sins to the utmost, the pestilence is returning with increased severity. For while, in the previous instance, space for repentance was granted to those afflicted with the disease of the pestilence for three days through the mercy of the Lord, now on the very day they are infected, they mostly die	Litera indulgencia contra pestem..., in: Libiri erectionum, vol. I, ed. Borový (1873), pp. 11-13, 12	None
1374-05-00-Pisa	May 1374 JL	Outbreak of the plague in Pisa with a high mortality, as a consequence several processions.	Del mese di maggio anno preditto incominciò la morìa nella cità di Pisa, morendone alcuno per dì d'anguinaia, tincone, di soditelli, di faoni e d'alti sozzi mali. E poi di giugno cominciava a crescere, e facevasi per la cità dimolte precessione. E poi a dì 30 d'agosto, per comandamento dell'arcivescovo, si fece precissione generale cinque mattine, tenendo li fondachi serrati e digiunando, portando molte reliquie di santi et il sangue di sam Piero. E la ditta morìa durò per la cità e contado di Pisa sine a (p. 258) settembre anni Domini milletrecentosettantaicinque e molti ne morinno, de' cinque li quattro. E del mese di settembre restò altutto.	In the month of May, in the previous year, death began in the city of Pisa, with some dying each day of eels, tincone, soditelli, faoni and other ills. And then in June it began to grow, and there were many precessions in the city. And then on the 30th of August, at the Archbishop's commandment, there was a general precession on five mornings, keeping the docks closed and fasting, carrying many relics of saints and the blood of Saint Piero. And this death lasted for the city and countryside of Pisa until (p. 258) September anni Domini one thousand three hundred and seventy-five and many died, of the five the four. And of the month of September remained all.	Template:Cronica di Pisa 2005, pp. 258–259.	Translation by DeepL
1383-05-00-Florence	May 1383 JL	In Florence, a large procession was organized on 24 and 25 January to ask God's mercy for the plague and mortality. In May a plague began with 40 or more deaths per day.	A' di 24. in Domenica, che fu S. Zanobi in lunedì a' di 25. si fece grandissima processione, e venne in Firenze la Tavola di S. Maria Impruneta, e dinanzi a lei andarono tutte le Reliquie de'Santi di Firenze, e del contado, che furono più di dodicimila Cristiani. Le detta (p. 65) tavola si pose in su l'altare, che si fece in su la ringhiera del palazzo de' Signori, molto orevole; furonvi tutti li Cavalieri, ed altri notabili cittadini. Il popolo, che vi si trovò fu innumerabile, pregando lei con gran divozione, che accatti grazia dal suo diletto figliuolo, cioè Giesù Cristo, che guardi questa città, e l'altre di male, e guardici da mortalità, e da ogni altro reo giudicio, del quale in Firenze forte si dubitava, e di mortalità. […] Del detto mese di Maggio cominciò in Firenze mortalità di quaranta persone il dì, e più, e così fece nell'entrata di Giugno.	On the 24th of the month January, on a Sunday that was also the feast day of St. Zanobi, and on the following Monday, the 25th, a very large procession was held and the image of St. Mary of Impruneta was brought to Florence. Before her went all the relics of the saints of Florence and the surrounding area, there more than twelve thousand Christians. The said image was placed on the altar erected on the platform of the palace of the Signori, very honorably; present were all the knights and other important citizens. The people assembled were innumerable, and adored her with great devotion, to obtain mercy from her beloved Son, Jesus Christ, that he might preserve this city and others from calamity, and save us from pestilence and every other evil judgment, of which there was great fear in Florence, especially mortality. [...] In the said month of May a plague began in Florence, in which forty or more persons died every day, and this continued in June.	Naddo de Montecatini: Memorie istoriche 1784, pp. 64-65.	Translation by ChatGPT-3.5; Translation by DeepL;
1383-07-00-Pisa	July 1383 JL	Severe plague and high mortality in Pisa and as a consequence processions, description of the symptoms.	Del mese di luglo incominciò la mortalità in della cità di Pisa, e d'ogosto e di settenbre e d'ottobre ne moriano in della cità per dì moute persone, grandi e picciuli, maschi e femine, ed era molto charcata. Di che a dì V e a dì XIJ d'ottobre si fecie per la cità di Pisa giennerale preccissione, cioè tutta la chericìa ciaschuna capella portando per la cità l'areliquie sante. E anco a dì XV e a dì XV e a dì 19 la domenica, e ogni volta la mattina tornava la ditta procissione a Duomo, cioè la chieza Maggiore di Pisa, e pi si diciea la Messa solenne all'altare Maggiore, e teneasi la mattina li fondachi serrati. E moriano la giente di pistolense chie in due dì, che in tre di, chie in quato chie in cinque dì, cioè di anguinaia, chi di ditelle, chi di male bolle, chie di faoni, chie di sputar sangue.	Template:TN	Template:Cronica di Pisa 2005, p. 322	None
1383-11-00-Pisa	November 1383 JL	Procession in Pisa because of the plague and concessions to Lucca, moreover a famine	A dì VIJ di novembre si fecie la preccissione per la cità di Pisa, al modo uzato, e ogni volta li signori Ansiani di (p. 323) Consiglo e consiglava del sì, di dare a li luchezi Librafatta per istare in pacie co lloro, e davalelal. E a questo modo diè a li luchezi Librafatta e Asciano e Avane e moute autre castella dallato di verso Lucha, e alli fiorentini diè Pontadera e Calcinaia e dimoute autre chastella dallato di là verso loro. Di che Pisa era rimasa con poghe chastella. E oltr'a questo tenea la cità in grande carestia da vivere. E per questa cagione fu morto dalli pisani colli suoi figluoli	Template:TN	Template:Cronica di Pisa 2005, p. 324	None
1384-02-00-Pisa	February 1384 JL	Plague in Pisa and because of that a big procession.	Del mese di ferraio ritornò in della cità di Pisa la mortalità, e del mese di marso vegnente e moriano alcuno per dì di pistolensia, come ditto è in prima. A dì XXVIIIJ di marso Domini milletreciento ottantaquatro, essendo ritornata la mortalità, li signori Ansiani di Pisa mandonno lo bando per la cità di Pisa: che ll'autro dì vegnente, cioè lo lunedì mattina, ognuno maschio e femmine debiano andare a Duomo, a la chieza Maggiore per andara a la preccisione; e che ogni persona della ditta cità tegnia serrate li fondacchi e lle botteghe sine fatta la preccissione. E fési la ditta preccissione al modo uzato, e andónovi li Ansiani con tutto 'l popolo e maschi e femine, grandi e piccioli, e ppoi fatta la preccissione si disse lo solenne uficio della Messa a l'autare Maggiore in Duomo e lla predicha al modo uzato.	In the month of ferraio mortality returned to the city of Pisa, and in the month of marso vegnente and some died in the month of pistolensia, as said before. On the twenty-eighth day of March, one thousand three hundred and eighty-four, mortality having returned, the Lords Ansiani of Pisa sent out a proclamation to the city of Pisa: that on the next coming day, that is on Monday morning, every male and female should go to the Duomo, to the Chieza Maggiore to go to the preccession; and that every person in the city should keep their shops and their purses closed until the preccession was accomplished. And the preccission was carried out in the prescribed manner, and the Ansians went there with all the people, male and female, young and old, and after the preccission was done, the solemn office of the Mass was said at the Major Cathedral altar, and the sermon was preached in the prescribed manner	Template:Cronica di Pisa 2005, p. 324.	Translation by DeepL
1384-04-00-Pisa	April 1384 JL	Return of the plague in Pisa, because of that they ask for a specific relic and organized a solemn procession with other external relics	Tornata la morìa in della cità di Pisa del mese d'aprile e di maggio, di giugno e di luglo, di che ne morìa molti (p. 327) per dì. Fési la preccissione a dì VIIJ luglo sine cinque settimane al modo uzato. A dì IIIJ d'ogosto fue arecato in della cità di Pisa lo santissimo corpo do santo Guiglermo. Fue arecato in della cità di Pisa il quale, cioè le sue ossa, il quale era a Castiglone di Garfagnana di Pisa quine u elli fecie la penetensia per comandamento del papa, che lli signori Ansiani di Pisa mandonno per esse perchè in della cità di Pisa si era la morìa. Di che la domenica mattina funo arecate le ditte ereliquie di santo Guiglermo in della cità di Pisa per la porta di San Marcho in Chinsicha con grandissimo honore e reverentia, che li Ansiani di Pisa con mouti citadini della cità e con tutti li uficiali e con tutta la chericià, frati e preti e abati, e tutte le conpagnie delli Batuti, tutti li andonno incontra e preccissione. E ciaschuno con chandeli di ciera accesi in mano, chie di meza libra e chie di una libra. E tutte le conpagnie delli Battuti con mouti torchi acciesi, tal conpagnia delli Battuti avea quatro torchi acciesi e tal sei e tal otto e tale conpagnia n'avea (p. 328) dodici e tal n'avea vinti. E quelli della Conpagnia di Santo Guiglermo avea ciaschuno uno torchio di ciera accieso in mano di libre due per ciaschuno torchio, e ciaschuno delli antri Battuti aveno uno candelo di meza libra accieso in mano. E fue arecato il ditto corpo di santo Gugliermo in della cità di Pisa inn una chascia covertata di sopra di drappo a oro e di sopra uno richo palio di seta, aconpagnato innanti tutta la chericià di Pisa e colli ditti Battutti inanti al ditto corpo. E li Ansiani colli citadini di Pisa e col Podestà e 'l Capitano del Populo e tutti li uficiali dirieto al ditto corpo, e poi tutte le donne della cità e grandi e picciuli della ditta cità, tutti con grandissima reverentia li andavano dirieto. E lla maggior parte delle persone andonno dirieto al corpo con candeli di ciera acciesi in mano, e aconpagnónolo sine alla chieza Maggiore di Pisa. E posato che ffu alla ditta chieza e posto in sullo altare Maggiore di Pisa, sìe si disse una Messa solenne all'altare Maggiore cantando. E 'l ditto corpo fue post in sullo altare di Santo Ranieri in della ditta chieza, e ogn'omo andavano a baciare la ditta chascia ove erano lo ditto corpo con grande reverense, omini e donne e grandi e picciuli. E ppoi ditta la Messa lo ditto corpo fue portato al Palagio dellia Ansiani di Pisa con grandissima reverentia. E quine riposto con grande guardia avendo tuttavia le chiave dello cascione lo Priore delli Ansiani e un'autra n'avea lo abate della chieza di Santo Guiglermo da Chastiglone, il quale n'è guardiano del ditto corpo, e tuttavia il ditto abate stava in dello Palagio delli Ansiani ocn due suoi monaci di dì e di notte a spese del Comune di Pisa, e lli Ansiani fecie loro grande onore e donamenti.	Template:TN	Template:Cronica di Pisa 2005, pp. 326–328	None
1384-08-10-Pisa	10 August 1384 JL	Many processions with relics in Pisa in August because of the plague and it leads to many miracles like healings.	He a dì x ditto mese d'agosto si fecie per la cità di Pisa una solenne preccessione al modo uzato, con tutta la chericìa di Pisa e tutte le conpagnie delli Batutti della cità e con tutte ereliquie della cità e con sangue di santo Piero, di sopra con uno palio di drappo di seta portato da quatro preti, le ditte reliquie e ssìe lo ditto palio e anco, al ditto modo, lo (p. 329) ditto corpo di santo Guiglermo e con muoti torchi acciesi intorno al ditto corpo a spese del Comune di Pisa, cioè XXIIIJ torchi di ciera. E poi tornati alla chieza Maggiore sìe si fecie solenne uficio della Messa allo altare Maggiore, e tutte le botteghe delli mercatanti e artefici teneano serrate sino a l'ufficio, e tutto lo populo, omini e donne, grandi e picciuli vi funno alla preccissione e alla Messa. L'autra mattina vegnente si fecie la preccissione intorno a Duomo alla chieza Maggiore al modo uzato. E poi ditto l'uficio della Messa si mostròno le ditte ereliquie in sul pervio Maggiore del Duomo, cioè l'ossa di santo Guiglermo: inprima mostròe lo capo e poi la spalla e poi lo braccio, e così tutte l'ossa del suo corpo santissimo si mostrò a uno a uno. E ppoi le misseno in della ditta chascia e poi lo puoseno in ssullo altare della Incoronata in ditta chieza. E fuvi menata una dona, la quale era forte tormentata da mali ispiriti ch'ella avea adosso, e lo abate di santo Guiglermo li puose la cascia col ditto corpo di santo Guiglermo adosso, e subitamente fue diliberata. E in quel dì ne diliberò molte persone. E a dì XIJ e a dì XIIJ ditto mese d'ogosto si fecie la preccissione intorno a Duomo al modo uzato con tutte ereliquie, e com'è ditto di sopra. (p. 330) A dì XVJ ditto mese d'ogosto la mattina inanti dì a tre ore inssine a meza tersa e poi inanti nona sine a ditto lo Vespro, si mostronno le ditte ereliquie di santo Guiglermo in della chieza dello Palagio delli Ansiani di Pisa, e ogn'omo, maschi e femmine lo potea baciare. E così a dì 17 e a dì XVIIJ si mostróno in del ditto Palagio, cioè in della chiostra giuso che vvi si fecie uno altare, e quine si mostravano le ditte ereliquie. E ognuno, maschi e femmine, grandi e picciuli, li andavano a baciare, chie li donava denari, chie chandeli di ciera, e ciaschuno li avea grande devosione, avendo ciaschuno fede grande sì per li meriti e gratie del nostro Signore Iddio e del beato santo Guiglermo di ciessare questa pistolentia della morìa. Amen. Sappiate che queste ereliquie di santo Guiglermo fecie in Pisa dimouti mirachuli di guarire altri di molte infermità e liberare dimouti indimoniati, cioè lo primo idì ch'entrò in Pisa e sinché stette in della cità fecie molti e grandissimi mirachuli. A dì XVIIJ d'ogosto si fecie la proccissione per la cità di Pisa al modo uzato, con tutte le ereliquie di Pisa e col ditto corpo di santo Guiglermo.	On the tenth day of the said month of August, a solemn celebration was held in the city of Pisa, in the manner described above, with the entire Church of Pisa and all the congregations of the Batutti of the city, and with all the relics of the city and the blood of Saint Piero, with a silk banner, carried by four priests, the said relics and the said banner, and also, in the said manner, the body of Saint Guiglermo, and with the said body of the saint. 329) ditto corpo di santo Guiglermo e con muoti torchi acciesi intorno al ditto corpo a spese del Comune di Pisa, cioè XXIIIJ torchi di ciera. And then returned to the Chieza Maggiore and the solemn office of the Mass was held at the main altar, and all the shops of the merchants and artisans were closed until the office, and all the people, men and women, young and old, took part in the preaching and the Mass. On the previous morning, the preccession was held around the Duomo at the Chieza Maggiore in the usual manner. Then, after the Mass was said, the bones of Saint Guiglermo were displayed in the Cathedral's main periphery, that is, the bones of Saint Guiglermo: first the head was displayed, then the shoulder and then the arm, and thus all the bones of his most holy body were displayed one by one. And then they placed them in the altar of the Incoronata in the church. And a woman was brought there, who was greatly tormented by the inspired evils that she had on her, and the abbot of Saint Guiglermo placed the casket with the said body of Saint Guiglermo on it, and she was immediately freed. And in that day he freed many people from it. And on dì XIJ and dì XIIJ of the said month of August, the pre-commission was carried out around the Duomo in the manner described above, with all the hereliquies, and as is said above. (p. 330) On the fifteenth day of the month of August, in the morning, at three hours past midday and then in the ninth hour after Vespers, the said relics of Saint Guiglermo were displayed in the church of the Palagio delli Ansiani in Pisa, and every man, male and female, could kiss them. And so on dì 17 and dì XVIIJ they were shown in the aforesaid palace, that is, in the cloister down there an altar was made, and there the said relics were shown. And each one, male and female, young and old, went to kiss them, some gave them money, some gave them wax, and each one had great devotion to them, each one having great faith in the merits and graces of our Lord God and the blessed saint Guiglermo to cease this pistolentia of death. Amen. Know that these hereliquies of Saint Guiglermo worked many miracles in Pisa, curing others of many infirmities and freeing those who had fallen ill, that is, the first day he entered Pisa and as long as he remained in the city, he worked many and very great miracles. On the 17th of August, the procession was made through the city of Pisa in the manner described above, with all the relics of Pisa and the said body of Saint Guiglermo.	Template:Cronica di Pisa 2005, pp. 328–330.	Translation by DeepL
1384-08-26-Pisa	26 August 1384 JL	The return of the relics of Saint Guiglemo from Pisa to Castiglione di Garfagnana, the announcement of papal indulgences in Pisa, and the plague considerably diminished until November .	A dì XXVJ ditto mese d'ogosto si partì di Pisa lo ditto abate di Santo Guiglermo colli suoi monaci collo ditto corpo di santo Guiglermo, e portònolo al monasterio di Santo Guiglermo ch'è di sopra a Castiglone della Peschaia del Comuno di Pisa. E andonne bene aconpagnato con ccierti e (p. 331) di citadini con mouti homini armati a chavallo, soldati dal Comune di Pisa. E lli Ansiani di Pisa li fecieno demouti doni a l ditti monaci. Di una lettera di córpa e di pena mandata in Pisa dal papa: A dí IIIJ di settenbre si fecie preccissione intorno a Duomo al modo uzato, poi si disse in della ditta chieza l'uficio della Messa allo altare Maggiore. E poi che ffue levato lo Corpo di Cristo, si montò in perbio lo notaio dell'arccivescho di Pisa e lesse la lettera che avea mandata il papa Urbano di Roma: che qualunqua persona maschio e femina della cità di Pisa e del contado e ssuo distretto morisse, essendo ben con<fe>sso e pentuto, sia asoluto di colpa e di pena in questo modo, ch'elli debii mandare per uno conffessoro, quali piace, e debiasi conffessare di buon cuore e ss'elli avesse nulla cosa non fusse licita lo debian sodisfare e lassare che ssia sodisfatto. E questa lettera vale dal dì ditto sine a dì primo di dicenbre. E lla ditta morìa era mouto chalata, ch'ella restò del mese di novenbre prossimo	On the twenty-fifth day of the month of August, the said abbot of Saint Guiglermo left Pisa with his monks with the said body of Saint Guiglermo, and took it to the monastery of Saint Guiglermo, which is above Castiglone della Peschaia in the Commune of Pisa. And he went well aconpagnato con ccierti e (p. 331) di citadini con mouti homini armati a chavallo, soldati dal Comune di Pisa. E lli Ansiani di Pisa fecieno demouti doni a l ditti monaci. A letter of condemnation and punishment sent to Pisa by the Pope: IIII of september a preccission was made around the cathedral in the manner prescribed, then the office of the Mass was said at the main altar. And after the Body of Christ had been lifted, the notary of the archbishop of Pisa mounted in the perbio and read the letter that Pope Urban of Rome had sent: that any male or female person in the city of Pisa, the countryside and its district who dies, if he or she is well acquitted and punished, is to be absolved of guilt and punishment in this way, that he or she is to send for a councillor, as he or she pleases, and is to be willingly acquiesced, and if he or she has anything that is not permitted, he or she is to be satisfied and allowed to be satisfied. And this letter is valid from the said day until the first day of December. And his death was so much calmed, that it remained from the month of November next	Template:Cronica di Pisa 2005, pp. 330–331.	Translation by DeepL
1391-06-00-Montpellier	June 1391 JL	A procession is organized in Montpellier on the 17th of September against the mortality of bosse that affects the city since three months.	[...] Et fouc fach per las causas dessus dichas et per so que Nostre Senhor nos volgues ostar las pestilencias de las bossas et de febres et de mortz que avian renhat plus de III mes en aquesta villa et tot lo paÿs [...]	And it has been held for the all the above mentioned reasons and for asking Our Lord to rescue us from the pestilence of bosse, from the fiver and the mortality that raged in the city and across the country since three months.	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1391.html (20 April 2020).	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1392-01-21-Montpellier	21 January 1392 JL	A procession is organized in Montpellier to thank God that the mortality that began in June 1391 almost ceased.	Item, dimergue a XXI de genoier, car la dicha pestilencia era cays cessada, la gracia de Dieu, en Montpelier et entorn, et per so car lo gran conseilh de nostre senhor lo rey de Fransa et del rey d’Englaterra devian esser enssems en las partidas de Picardia lo jorn de Nostra Dona la Candeloza per lo fach de la pas, per so, los senhors cossols feron far una autra procession general que dessus, am la ymage d’argent de Nostra Dona de Taulas et lo cors sans et lo cap de monsen sant Cleophas ; et fes lo sermon deavant lo consolat magister P. Borron, magister en theologia, de predicadors ; et cantet la messa dessot la vouta frayre Johan Costea de Montpellier, prior del covent de predicadors d’aquesta vila, per rendre gracias a Nostre Senhor de la dicha cessation de la pestilencia et preguan lo que nos done bona pas.	Template:TN	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1391.html (20 April 2020).	None
1397-00-00-Strasbourg	1397 JL	A dying came to Strasbourg and surrounding area. After processions by the local clerics the mortality diminished. The plague arose and diminished for the next 8 years.	Ein sterbotte und ein crüzegang. Do men zalte 1397 jor, do kam aber ein sterbotte gein Strosburg und in das lant do umb: ein gefueger, doch werte er me denne zwei jor. aber in Westerich und in Swoben und in andern landen was er vil groesser denne zu Strosburg, und sturbent die lüte an der bülen, und sturbent junge lüte vester denne die alten. Und donoch in dem andern jore, also men zalte 1398 jor, an aller heilgen obent, do mahte die pfafheit zu Strosburg einen crüzegang, und ging ieder orden umb sin closter mit dem sacramente. also dotent ouch die stifte und weltlichen pfaffen umb ire kirchen, das got sollte dis sterben wenden. Donoch werte das sterben bescheidenliche, und ie so es ein jor oder ein halbes ufgehorte, do ving es denne wider ane, doch bescheidenliche, und das treip es wol 8 jor nohenander.	Mortality and a Pilgrimage In the year 1397, a plague came to Strasbourg and the surrounding lands. It lasted for more than two years. However, in Westrich, Swabia, and other lands, it was much worse than in Strasbourg, and people died from the plague, with young people dying more than the old. In the following year, 1398, on All Saints' Day, the clergy in Strasbourg organized a pilgrimage and each order went around their monastery with the sacrament. Similarly, the convents and secular clergy went around their churches to implore God to stop the plague. After that, the plague was modest, and ceased for a year or half a year, but then it returned, albeit less severely. It continued intermittently for about eight more years.	Jacobus Twinger von Könishofen: Chronik 1870-71, p. 773.	Translation by ChatGPT-3.5
1397-07-15-Montpellier	15 July 1397 JL	A procession is organized in Montpellier against the mortality that affects the region. The city council orders the manufacturing of a gigantic candle, to be burn in the church of Notre-Dame-des-Tables. The disease lasted from May to December in Montpellier.	Item, dimergue a XV de julh, se fes procession general per la mortalitat la qual era general en las tres senescalcies Tholosa, Carcassona & Belcayre, la qual el dich paÿs acomenset el mes de may sobredig, et duret en Montpellier per tot lo mes de decembre ; la qual mortalitat acomenset en terra de Morolz & apres en la irlla de Rodas, de Chipre, de Genoha, apres el reyalme de Malhorca en Cathaluonha, en Tolsan & puoys segui tot l’autre paÿs. Et se dis una sollempna messa a Nostra Dona de las Taulas per lo dich mossen l’avesque de Magalona ; & se disseron dos sermons, la un davant lo cossolat, per maystre Peyre Borron de l’orde de predicados, et l’autre, per maystre Johan del Cres de l’orde dels augustins, maistres en theologia. Et se portet en la procession la ymagi de Nostra Dona de Taulas, lo cors sans.	Sunday, July 15, there was a general procession because of the epidemic which raged on all three districts of Toulouse, Carcassonne and Beaucaire. It started in this region in May and lasted in Montpellier the whole month of December. This epidemic started in the country of the Moors, passed on the island of Rhodes, then of Cyprus and Genoa; then in the kingdom of Majorca, in Catalonia, in Toulouse, then it continued throughout the rest of the country. A solemn mass was said at Notre-Dame-des-Tables by the Bishop of Maguelone; two sermons were delivered, one before the consulate by Master Pèire Borron, of the order of Preachers, and the other by Master Joan du Crès, of the order of the Augustinians, both masters in theology; during the procession, we carried the statue of Notre-Dame-des-Tables, the relics of Saint Cleophas, and the satue of Saint Sebastian.The same month, the lords consuls, with the alms of the good people of Montpellier, made a cord of wax of 1900 canes long which surrounded the whole city and the palisade, and which burned night and day on the main altar of the church of Notre-Dame-des-Tables.	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1397.html (20 April 2020).	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1397-08-12-Montpellier	12 August 1397 JL	A procession is organized in Montpellier against the mortality that affects the region.	Item, dimergue a XII d’avost, fon facha una sollempna procession per mossen de Magalona ont se portet lo precios cors de Jesu Crist per far devota pregueyra sur la pestilencia et mittigar et placar Nostresenhr, ont ac gran multitut de pobol, cascun portan, senhors & donas et enfans, entorta o candela en la man ; & ac y hun trasque sollempne sermon loqual fes maistre Raymon Cabassa, maystre en theologia, per trayre a devocion lo pobol, a coffession, contrection am cor contrit et humiliat. Et foron ordenadas IX processions, la huna per los morgues de Sant Benesech, l’autra per Sant Dyonisi, l’autra per la gleya del Castel, l’autre per la gleya de Nostra Dona de Taulas, l’autra per Sant Fermin & las IIII per los quatre ordes mendigans, otra la general, en las quals se portet lo precios cors de Jesu Crist am los[i] cofrayres de las dichas cofrayries & am las ceras d’aquelas, car la mortalitat es et era tant gran que apenas atrobava hom servidor e tot lo poble stava mot ebaÿt e perterit.	On Sunday August 12, the Archbishop of Maguelone organized a solemn procession in which the precious body of Jesus Christ was carried out to pray against the epidemic and to soften and appease Our Lord. There was a great multitude of people there, lords, ladies and children, carrying torches or candles in their hands. There was a very solemn sermon delivered by Master Raimond Cabassa, master in theology, to bring the people to devotion, confession and contrition and repentance. In addition to the general procession, there were nine supplementary trains of procession, one with the monks of Saint-Benoît, another with those Saint-Denis, another with the church of the castle, another with the church of Notre-Dame-des-Tables, another with Saint-Firmin and the last four with the four mendicant Orders. In these processions, the precious body of Jesus Christ was carried with the confreres of the brotherhoods concerned, with their candles. The epidemic is and was so serious that it was barely possible to find a servant, and all the people were amazed and terrified.	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1397.html (20 April 2020).	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1402-00-00-Frankfurt	1402 JL	Outbreak of plague in Frankfurt accompanied by supplicatory processions.	Anno 1402 fuit generalis processio cleri et populi cum venerabili sacramento propter epidemiam (Acta).	In the year 1402, there was a general procession of clergy and people with the venerable sacrament due to the epidemic (Acta).	Joannes Latomus 1884, p. 100.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1406-08-10-Montpellier	10 August 1406 JL	A procession is organized in Montpellier against the mortality that affects the region.	Item, dimars a X d’aost, que fonc lo jorn de la festa de Sant Laurens, se fes autra procession general en esta vila, per preguar Nostre Senhor que li plagues per la sieua misericordia de donar salut et sanetat a la persona del rey nostre senhor et de metre pas et union en la sancta glieysa de Dieu, et de nos levar la enfermetat et la impidimia que say a tant longament continuat et que s’abrasa fort entorn nos ; et la Verges, madona sancta Maria, la sieua benezecta mayre, et totz los sans e las sanctas de Paradis que l’en vuelhon preguar ; la quala procession fes mossenher lo sagresta de Magalona et foron hy las processions dels quatre ordes et totas las autras glieysas et lo pobol seguic la am gran devocion. Fes lo sermo lo reveren maystre Bertran Vaquier, maystre en la sancta teulogia, dels frayres de Nostra Dona del Carme, davant lo cossolat.	On Tuesday August 10, during the feast of Saint Lawrence, we made another general procession in our city to pray to Our Lord that he would like with his mercy to give health and healing to the person of the king, our lord, in the holy Church of God, and to free us from the disease and the epidemic which lasted for so long here and which is unleashed around us; and may the Virgin, Saint Mary, her blessed mother, and all the saints in Paradise interfere for us. This procession was organized by Mgr the sacristan of Maguelone. The four orders and all the other churches participated. And the people followed with great devotion. The sermon was delivered before the consulate by the Rev. Master Bertrand Vaquièr, master in holy theology, brother of Notre-Dame-des-Carmes.	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1406.html (20 April 2020).	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1407-04-27-Montpellier	24 April 1407 JL	A sermon is delivered in Montpellier against the mortality that affects the region. The next day, a procession is organized.	Item, dimergue a XXIIII jorns del mes d’abril, de licencia dels senhors generals que ereaan en lo paÿs, de mossenher lo governador et dels autres officiers de nostre senhor lo rey, et de mossen lo vicari de mossenher de Magalona, et a requesta dels senhors cossols sus lo fag de la empedimia et granda mortalitat que era en esta vila, fonc dich I sollempne sermo el plan del cossolat per maystre Johan Cabassol, maystre en la sancta teulogia, de l’orde de frayres menors, apelat lo poble, en presencia del dig mossenher lo vicari, de mossenher lo bayle, los autres curials, los ditz senhors cossols et de tot lo poble aqui ajustat ; et mosenher lo vicari aqui adordenet et fes publicar en lo sermo per lo maystre que, d’aqui en avan, en totas las glyeyas de Montpeylier et dels relegious et relegyosas et autras, la primieyra messa que se dira lo mati sia la messa de la empedimia que comessa "« Recordare »", la quala adordenet papa Clemens VI ; et donet al capela que la dis et a cascun de totz aquelos que la auzon devotamen IIIc jorns de endulgencia et de veray perdon. Procession: Item, l’endeman que fonc lo dilhus et la festa de mossen Sant Marc, euvangelista, se fes en la dicha vila una honorabla, sancta et devota procession general.	Sunday April 24, with the authorization of the lords who were in our region, of the governor and of the other officers of our lord the king, of the bishop's vicar of Maguelone, and at the request of the consulate, because of the epidemic and of the great mortality which raged in our city, a solemn sermon was pronounced on the place of the consulate by Master Joan Cabassòl, master in holy theology, of the order of the Franciscans brothers. It has been delivered in the presence of the vicar, of the baillif and of other curials, as well as of the members of the consulate and of all the population gathered there. The vicar ordered in his sermon that henceforth, in all the churches of Montpellier, the first mass to be said in the morning would be the mass of the epidemic, that which begins with "Recordare", and which was ordered by Pope Clement VI. He granted the priest who say it and each of those who listen to it devoutly 300 days of indulgence and true forgiveness. The next day, on Monday, which was Saint Marc Evangelist Day, we made in our city a worthy, holy and devout general procession.	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1407.html (20 April 2020).	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1410-00-00-Strasbourg	1410 JL	A procession against a dying in Strasbourg	Ein crüzegang für den sterbotte. Do men zalte noch gotz gebürte 1410, do geschach och ein semelich crüzegang für den sterbotte der dozumole zu Strosburg was.	A procession against dying. In 1410, a similar procession against dying took place in Strasbourg.	Jacobus Twinger von Könishofen: Chronik 1870-71, p. 774.	Translation by Moritz Uebelhack
1413-06-12-Montpellier	12 June 1413 JL	A procession is organized in Montpellier to protect the city from the plague that rages in the region of Lodève and Agde.	Item, dilhus a XII del mes de jun, que fonc l’endeman de Pantacosta, se fes en esta vila una honorabla [...] per quatre ho per sinc cauzas : la una, que Nostre Senhor, per la sieuna sancta misericordia, lo poble d’esta vila vuelha preservar de mortalitat et de la pestilencia de la impedimia que renha de present en Lotves et en Agades et en diverses autres luox a nos circumvicis.	Monday, June 12 (1413), which was the day after Pentecost, was organized in our city a worthy, holy and devout general procession [...] for four or five grounds: the first, that Our Lord, by His holy mercy, will preserve the people of this city of death and of the plague epidemic which rages at present in Lodévois, Agathois and in various other places of our neighborhood.	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1413.html (20 April 2020).	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1414-09-02-Montpellier	2 September 1414 JL	A procession is organized in Montpellier to protect the city from the pestilence that rages since long in the region.	Item, dimergue a II del mes de septembre, se fes en esta vila una honorabla procession general [...] Et fes se la dicha procession per V cauzasitem [...]: Item que aquesta pestilencia de mortalitat et empedimia, que en aquesta vila a tant lonc temps durat et encaras dura et totz jorn se multiplica plus fort, lhi plassa de far cessar et aver pietat de son paure poble.	Sunday, September 9, has been celebrated a very honorable procession in the city [...] This procession has been held for 5 reasons [...]: likewise because of the lethal pestilence that raged since long and perpetuates and increases every day, so that He have pity for His people.	Le Petit Thalamus de Montpellier, http://thalamus.huma-num.fr/annales-occitanes/annee-1414.html (20 April 2020).	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1418-10-05-Paris	5 October 1418 JL	A procession is organized at the church of Saint-Victor of Paris against the mortality that reigns in the city and other places of the Kingdom.	Furent au conseil maistres J. de Longueil et J. Rapiout, presidens (et huit conseillers) lesquelz se departirent assez tost de la Chambre de Parlement pour aler, ceulz qui vouldroient aler à Saint-Victor leiz Paris en la procession générale qui avoit esté ordonnée estre faicte pour occasion des guerres et grant mortalité estans en ce royaume. Et fu ce jour generalement à Paris faicte abstinence de cher par le commandement de l'evesque de Paris ou ses vicaires.	Those who were present at the coucil this day, J. de Longueil and J. Rapiout with 8 consultants, went out earlier that usual in order to go to the procession that was held at the church of Saint-Victor of Paris. This procession has been decided because of the war and the epidemic that ravage the Kingdom. For this day, the bishop of Paris promoted a fasting.	Journal de Clément de Fauquemberge, vol. 1, p. 179-180	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1418-11-03-Paris	3 November 1418 JL	A procession is organized at Notre-Dame of Paris without the bishop who is retired in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés because of the epidemic.	Le IIIe jour de novembre, y ot procession et grant assemblée de peuple en l'église Nostre-Dame de Paris, et fist le sermon ung cordelier nommée frere Pierre aux Buefs, confesseur de la Royne, ouquel sermon furent leues et publieez les lettres de l'evesque de Paris, en l'absence dudit evesque estant lors en l'abbaye de Saint-Mor-des-Fossés, pour le doubte de l'épidimie aiant cours à Paris.	The 3rd of November was held a procession with a lot of people in the church of Notre-Dame. The sermon has been preached by a Franciscan monk named Pierre aux Buefs, the confessor of the queen. During the sermon, he read and made public some letters of the bishop of Paris, who was not there, but in the abbey of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés because of the danger of the epidemic affecting the city.	Journal de Clément de Fauquemberge, vol. 1, p. 188-189	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1438-06-18-Liège	18 June 1438 JL	A procession is organized in the city against the dearth and the mortality. People get fever.	Après, en mois de junne le XVIIIe jour, fut fait à Saint-Lambert une especiale messe et procession par le clergie et par les lais generalement, bien devotement, por trois cause: la premier por le chir temps de bleis generalement [...]. La seconde fut por le mortaliteit, car plusieurs moroient par fivres contagieux, etc. Et la tirche cause por la division d'entre le pape, le concile de Ferare, d'unne part, et d'auttre de conciel de Baselle.	On June 18, a procession was celebrated in Saint-Lambert with all the clergy and laymen, very devoutly. We did it for three reasons. The first, because of the high prices [...] The second, because of the mortality. Indeed, several people died of fever, etc. And the third, because of the divisions of the papacy and between the councils of Ferrara and of Basel.	Chronique de Jean de Stavelot, p. 392	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1438-09-22-Liège	22 September 1438 JL	A procession is organized in the city against the mortality affecting the country.	Et en ce mois de septembre devantdit, le XXIIe jour, fut faite à Saint-Lambert une espéciale messe par tout le clergrie de la citeit generalement, et fut après messe fait une belle procession [...]. Et le cause d'ycelle fut premier pour l'entredeux de pape et de conciel de Ferrare allencontre de conciel de Baselle [...] ; item que Dieu vosist cesseir la mortaliteit par sa grace qui estoit general par tous paiis, etc ; item qu'il lui plaist le chier temps, par especial de bleis, remedier, et des biens qui estoient enssi comme tous perdus et ont aparant che qui est de pau de valeur ; item por le semhon vosist Dieu envoier pluye, etc.	During the aformentioned month of September, the 22nd, a special mass has been celebrated in the church of St-Lambert with all the clerics of the city. And after this mass, a procession took place [...] The first reason for this procession was the conflict between the two popes and between the two council assemblies of Ferrare and of Basel [...] ; item, for asking God to cease by His holly grace the mortality that raged everywhere, etc. ; item, to ask Him for the ending of the dearth, especially concerning wheat, and all goods that were lost ; item to ask Him to send good rain for sowing time.	Chronique de Jean de Stavelot, p. 397	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1439-07-06-Constance	6 July 1439 JL	A procession is organized in Constance against the plague.	Anno 1439 gutemtag vor Sant Margrethen tag (8 July) do tett die statt von Costenz ainen cruzgang für die pestilencii mit aller priesterschafft.	In year 1439, on the monday before Margaret Day, a procession has been celebrated in Constance because of the pestilence, with all clerics of the city.	Konstanzer Chronik, p. 341	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1439-08-18-Liège	18 August 1439 JL	A procession is organized in the city against the mortality.	Et le XVIIIe jour d'awoist, ly vynale d'isle entirement, engliezes et abbies, fisent procession entour le vinale, et chant-ons messe speciale à Saint-Poul, et fut fait I sermon depriant Dieu de cesseir la grant mortaliteit.	And on the eighteenth day of August, all the island's inhabitants, young and old, made a procession around the church, and sang a special mass in Saint-Paul, and a sermon was given deprying God to cease the great mortality.	Chronique de Jean de Stavelot, p. 439	Translation by Thomas Wozniak
1448-03-27-Perugia	27 March 1448 JL	A procession to end plague in Perugia	Adi ditto, cioè adi 27 de marzo, ditta che fu la predica, se fece la processione con tutti li religiosi de Peroscia , dovo ce andò Monsignore e li Priori e tutti li gentilomini e le donne, e generalmente ogni persona fina alle rede, sempre cantando letanye et alcune laude et orazione; et alcune donno ce andaro vestite de bianco : et andarono a S. Pietro pregando Dio che cessi la peste.	On the said day, that is, on the 27th of March, after the sermon, a procession was held with all the clerics of Perugia, where His Lordship, the Priors, all the gentlemen, and the women attended, and generally every person up to the children, always singing litanies and some hymns and prayers; and some women went dressed in white: and they went to San Pietro praying to God to stop the plague.	Cronaca di Perugia 1850, p. 509	Translation by Martin Bauch
1465-06-24-Metz	24 June 1465 JL	Processions were supposed to help improve the weather and end the plague in Metz, but to no avail.	Lejour de feste sainct Jehan decollaistre, audit an [1465], les gens d’eglise et seigneurs de Mets firent faire une procession generale, et furent à Sainct Clement pour prier Diue qu’il voleist secourir son pouvre peuple de Mets, raichetté de son precieulx sang, qui estoit persecute de la peste qui acommenciot fort à perseceutier et alleir par la cite: aussy luy prier pour l’accroissance et amendement des biens de terre; car il faisoit ung pouvre temps, pour les gibnes, de froydure et pluye; et tant que le premier jour de septembre, on n’eust sceu trouveir ung boin raisin meure en vigne. A laquelle procession fut porté le chief du benoit sainct Estienne, et la fierte de sainct Livier et son chief. […] En celluy temps, l’air ne le temps, pour processions que on eust fait, ne se amendoit; et faisoit ung tres pouvre temps, et plus de la moitié de septembre ne fut jour qu’il ne pleust, et chéoit pluye aussy froyde comme à noel.	On the feast day of Saint John the Baptist, in the said year (1465), the ecclesiastics and lords of Mets made a general procession, and went to Sainct Clement to pray to God that he would come to the aid of his poor people of Mets, who were rich in his precious blood, and who were being persecuted by the plague which was beginning to spread throughout the town: We also prayed to him for the growth and improvement of the land; for the weather was poor for game, cold and rainy; and until the first day of September, we could not find a single good grape dying in the vineyard. To this procession was carried the chief of the blessed Saint Stephen, and the pride of Saint Livier and his chief. [...] At that time, the air and the weather did not improve for the processions that were carried out, and the weather was very poor, and for more than half of September there was no day without rain, and the rain was as cold as at Christmas.	Chroniques de la noble ville et cité de Metz, p. 345.	Translation by DeepL
1466-00-00-Metz	1466 JL	Great plague in the town of Metz. The weather at the end of April and beginning of May was bad with cold rain, resulting in low grape production. To fight the plague, a procession was made to Nostre Dame aux Chairtrieulx. In May the weather improved, but the vines bore few grapes. At the end of May, a procession was held in honour of St. Clement. In June the weather was warm and humid. In August, another procession took place to ask for protection from the plague. The weather was changeable in August and resulted in good wine production.	Audit an [1466], y eult en Mets grosse mortalité de peste. […] Audit an, fist uug tres bel mois de mars et environ la meitte du mois d’apvril; mais le reste du mois d’apvril en jusques au huitiesme jour de may, fist ung tres pouvre temps et chéoit pluye aussi froyde comme à noel, et pleuvoit fort et furent les yawes grandes comme elles avoient esté en hyveir. Et encor audit huitiesme jour de may, on ne véoit en vignes nulz raisins pour le froid temps qu’il avoit fait. Pour invoqueir l’ayde divine contre le temps pestilencieulx qui fort regnoit en Mets, on fist une procession à Nostre Dame aux Chairtrieulx pres du Ponthieffroy, pour alleir querir la fierte et corps de sainct Livier en son eglise, et fut apporté au moustier Sainct Pierre. Depuis le huitiesme jour du mois de may, acomenca à faire ung tres bel et chault temps, et amendont fort les raisins en vignes, mais il en y avoit peu. Audit mois de may, on acomencont fort à molrir en Mets et enz villaiges à l’ entour. (p. 352) […] Le vingt huitiesme jour de may, on fist une tres belle procession generalle à Sainct Clement, pour la mortalité qui estoit fort penetrante. Et y fut porté le chief sainct Estienne, le chief et la fierte sainct Livier, et fut rapport à Mets le corps du benoit St Clement en la grande eglise, et y fut six semaines; ce qu’il n’avoit esté passé, quarante ans, comme on disoit, si longuement. […] En ladicte année, fist ung tres bel mois de jung et si tres chault qu’on ne povoit dureir de chault; et molroit on tousjours en Mets et à l’entour, de plus fort en plus fort. Les vignes estoient peu chargiées de raisins; mais ce qui estoit, se monstroit bel et croissant et de belle appairance. Le cinquiesme, sixiesme et septiesme jour de jullet, en ces trios jours Durant, fist ung terrible temps de deux heures chescun jour seullement; car il ventoit si fort qu’il sembloit que tout deust ester fondu en l’abisme; il tonnoit et eulandoit terriblement; après pleuvoit asprement et si drument qu’il sembloit proprement que touttes les nues deussent tombeir à l’avallée, et tellement qu’il n’y avoit si boin tilz ne sie bien raicowaité en Mets, qui ne fust desrompu et trespassé de vent et de la pluye qui chéoit. […] Et ledit jour mesme [30. Juli 1466], à l’heure que on portoit ledit Jehan le Gournais en terre, acomencait à faire ung tres horrible temps en Mets, de gresle qui chéoit aussy grosse que oeufz d’oye, grosses noix et escuefz à juer à la paulme; et rompit plusieurs vairieres, signament touttes le vairieres de la grande église de St. Vincent, et en plusieurs aultres lieux aval la ville; mais la graice à Dieu, ceste nuée ne fist point de dopmaiges aux champs et cheut quausy toute en ville. (p. 353) […] Le quatorziesme jour d’aoust, on fist une tres belle procession generalle à Mets en la grande eglise, priant Dieu qu’il volcist gardeir et preserveir son people de peste et aultres grieves mallaidies, qui lors persecutoient les habitans de Mets et du pays à l’ entour. Et allont on aux Chairtirez au Ponthieffroy querir la vraye croix qui là estoit apportée de st Eloy, et y portent on le chief sainct Estienne, la fierte sainct Clement et la fierte sainct Livier; et aportont on ladicte vraye croix a St Pierre le Vielz, et y fut en jusques à ce que la pestilence fust cessée. […] Audit an, fist merveilleusement ung bel temps plus de la moitié du mois d’aoust; et fist en aoust sit res chault que à peine le povoit on endureir: parquoy les vins furent si boins et meilleurs qu’ilz n’avoient esté passé trente ans. Et ne vendoit on la quarte de vin de l’an lxv que ung denier, la quarte, et en trouvoit on assez pour une maille, si maindres estoient ilz. Mais les nouvelz vins de ceste presente année, l’an lxvj, et les viez viens de l’an lxiiii, on les vendoit assez briefvement cing deniers la quarte. [p. 354] En ladicte année, fist ung hyveir moeste, et ne fist oncque gellée qui durast plus hault de cinq ou six jours suyvans.		Chroniques de la noble ville et cité de Metz, pp. 352–354	Translation needed
1466-05-18-Metz	May 1466 JL	An extraordinary procession takes place in Metz the 18th of May against the mortality.	Item, le XVIIIe jour de may, on fist une très belle procession généralle à Saint Clément pour la mortalité, qui estoit très orrible et grosse en Metz. Et y fuit portés le chief du benoy saint Estienne, et le chief et la fierté du benoy saint Liviés. Et raportont-on le corps saint Clément à Mets, en la grant église; et y fuit bien le terme de VI sepmenne, ce qu'il n'avoit esté fait, passé plus de quarante ans.	Because of the mortality, which was severe and horrible in Metz, a wonderful general procession has been held the 18th day of May to the church Saint-Clément, with the relics of St Etienne and of St Liviés. St Clement's body has been brought to the church and stayed there for six weeks, a thing that did not happen since forty years.	Journal de Jean Aubrion, p. 18	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1466-08-00-Paris	August 1466 JL	Mortality in Paris and all of Île-de-France from August to November, due to plague. The death toll is estimated to 40,000 persons in the region of Paris. This number is surely overrated by the chronicler, though the mortality has been important. It is said that the number of burials exceeded the capacities of cimeteries in Paris. Numerous religious processions have been organized during the outbreak.	En ladite année, es mois d'aoust et septembre, fut grande et merveilleuse chaleur, au moyen de laquelle s'en ensuivit grande mortalité de pestilence, et autres maladies, dont et de quoy il mourut tant en la ville, villages voisins, prévosté et vicomté de Paris, quarante mille créatures et mieux, entre lesquels y mourut maistre Arnoul, astrologien du roy, qui estoit fort homme de bien, sage et plaisant; aussi y mourut plusieurs médecins et offociers du roy en ladite ville de Paris. Et si grand nombre de créatures furent portées ensevelir et enterrer au cimetière des Saints-Innocents, en ladite ville de Paris, que tant des morts en ladite ville que de l'Hôtel-Dieu tout y fust remply: et fut ordonné que de là en avant on porteroit les mortsau cimetière de la Trinité, qui est et appartient à l'hostel de la ville de Paris. Et continua ladite mort jusques en la fin de novembre, que, pour faire cesser, et prier Dieu que ainsi il lui plut de la faire, furent faites de moult belles processions générales à Paris par toutes les paroisses et églises d'icelle, où furent portées toutes les chasses et saintes reliques, et mesmement les chasses de Nostre-Dame, de sainte Geneviève et saint Marcel; et mors cessa un peu ladite mort.	In the said year (1466), in the months of August and September, there was great and marvellous heat, which resulted in great mortality from pestilence and other diseases, from which and as a result of which forty thousand or more creatures died in the city, neighbouring villages, provostry and viscounty of Paris, including Maistre Arnoul, the king's astrologer, who was a very good man, wise and pleasant; several doctors and the king's offenders also died in the said city of Paris. And so many creatures were brought to be buried in the cemetery of the Saints-Innocents, in the said city of Paris, that both the dead of the said city and of the Hôtel-Dieu were all remply there: and it was ordered that from there forward the dead should be brought to the cemetery of the Trinité, which is and belongs to the hostel of the city of Paris. And the said death continued until the end of November, when, in order to put an end to it, and to pray to God that it would please him to do so, many beautiful general processions were held in Paris by all the parishes and churches of the city, where all the dead and holy relics were carried, including the dead of Notre-Dame, Saint Geneviève and Saint Marcel; and the said death ceased a little.	Chronique scandaleuse de Jean de Roye 1838, p. 272.	Translation by DeepL
1466-08-14-Metz	14 August 1466 JL	A procession is organized in Metz because of the plague.	Item, le XIIIe jour d'aoust, on fist une très belle procession généralle au grant mostiés, pour la pestillence qui coroit fort. Et alloit on quérir la vraie croix de saint Elloy au Chartrieux au pont Thieffroy [...] Et y fuit grant temps, jusques à tant que la pestilence fuit cessée.	Because of the pestilence, a procession has been held at the great church on the 14th of August, with the real cross of St Eloy brought from the carthusian monastery at the Thieffroy bridge [...] And it took a long time before the pestilence ceased.	Journal de Jean Aubrion, p. 20	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1467-10-02-Frankfurt	2 October 1467 JL	Procession because of plague in Frankfurt.	Anno 1467 2 octobris habebatur valde venerabilis processio pro pestilentia.	On October 2, 1467, a very venerable procession was held for the plague.	Rorbach Liber gestorum 1884, p. 216.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1473-08-09-Frankfurt	July 1473 JL	Procession because of mortality, drought and peace in Frankfurt.	Anno 1473 9 augusti was eine procession vor den schnellen todt, auch vor ein regen wegen durrer hitzigen zit. niemands lebendiges in diesen landen gedacht eine solche ubermesige heise zit, und regnet nicht, also daß die truben an den stöcken fast alle verwelket und verdorben; auch vor einem gemeinen frieden, wann der herzog von Burgund Niemägen und andere stätte gewann. und (p. 219) weret das sterben per menses julium und augustum, und starb viel volks, doch mer männer den frawen.	In the year 1473, on August 9th, there was a procession against sudden death, as well as for rain during a dry and hot period. No one living in these lands remembered such an excessively hot time, with no rain, causing the grapes on the stalks to wither and spoil almost entirely. Also, for a common peace, when the Duke of Burgundy conquered Nijmegen and other places. And there was dying for months, July and August, and many people died, mostly men than women.	Rorbach Liber gestorum 1884, p. 218-219.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1482-05-07-Metz	7 May 1482 JL	A procession is organized in Metz because of the plague.	Item, le VIIe jour du mois de may, nos seigneurs firent faire une procession générale à Saint-Clément [...] Laquelle procession fut ordonnée pour deux choses; la première pour la guerre, et la seconde pour la mortalité, car on commensoit fort à mourir de la peste	Our lords organized a procession on the 7th of May at the chruch of Saint-Clément. I has been decided for two reasons. Fisrtly because of the war, and secondly because of the mortality. Yet, people began to die of pestilence.	Journal de Jean Aubrion, p. 147	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1482-08-29-Frankfurt	1482 JL	Plague in Frankfurt and a procession.	Anno 1482 war ein proceßion contra pestem uf decollationis Johannis, darin waren 101 schuler von unser lieben Frawen schul, von der Leonhardsschul 81, von der Pharschulen 126, Barfüsermünch 22, Prediger 35, Carmeliter 30, alle weltliche pfaffen und der ganz rat.	In the year 1482, there was a procession on 29 August, there were 101 pupils of the school of Our Lady, 81 from the St. Leonhard's school, 126 from the parish's school, 22 Franciscan monks, 25 Dominicans, 30 Carmelites and all the secular clergy and the whole city council.	Johann Heise 1884, p. 225.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1483-06-20-Erfurt	20 June 1483 JL	Great mortality and famine in Thuringia's neighbouring countries and the citizens of Erfurt fear they might be affected in the future and organize a procession to prevent this.	Als man schreib noch Christi gebort vnser hern Tusent vierhundert vnnd drye vnnd achczigk, An deme fritage vor sant Johans tage baptisten, Do hatte der erßame vnnd wiße rath zu Erffort bestalt zu gehene eyne lobeliche erliche processien vmme dye stadt Erffort Vmme sunderlicher bethe willen eyns iglichen menschen, zu bethen vnnd zu loben den almechtigen ewigen got, das her de jn woner der erlichen stadt Erffort vnnd ouch andere frome luthe behute wolde vor dem gremmigen tode, ader hunger, ader pestilencien, vnnd dye fruchte uff deme feld. Sunderlichen jn disser zit ist groß sterben gewest jn fele landen vmme heer, ane jn Erffort vnnd jm lande zu Doringen alleyne. Also besorgte sich dye stad Erffort, eß mochte ouch zu on kome.	In the year of our Lord 1483, on the Friday before St. John's day, the honourable council of Erfurt decided to organize a procession around the city for extraordinary praying of all people. The Lord Almighty should be petitioned and blessed so he would protect the honest inhabitants of Erfurt and other just people from the grim reaper, or famine, or pestilence, and save the crops in the fields. In this time, there was a great mortality in all neighbouring countries, but not in Thuringie and Erfurt itself. So the city of Erfurt worried, they might be next.	Konrad Stolle 1968, p. 191	Translation by Martin Bauch
1483-07-02-Metz	2 July 1483 JL	A procession is organized in Metz because of the plague.	Item, le second jour de jullet, on fit une procession généralle à St-Arnoult [...]. Et la cause d'icelle procession fut pour troix raixons, le première en remerciant Dieu de la belle année et de la fertillité des biens de terre qu'il nous avoit envoyés, luy priant de les amender; la seconde, luy priant qu'il ly pleut à cesser son ire, pour le fait de la pestillance qui alors couroit trè fort en la cité et au pays; et la tierce, en luy requérant qu'il noz voulust donner victoire encontre nous ennemis, par especial contre ceux de Rechiesmont, où que la cité tenoit le siège.	The 2nd of July was held a procession at St-Arnoult church [...] There was three reasons for this procession. First, to thank God for the fruitful year we had and to ask Him to keep agricultural goods safe. Secondly, to ask Him to stop his wrath, because of the pestilence that ravaged the city and the countryside. Third, to ask Him to give us victory against our enemies, especially concerning the siege of Richemont.	Journal de Jean Aubrion, p. 154	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1494-08-00-Liège	August 1494 JL	A plague affects the city and the surrounding region. Processions are organized to prevent massive death.	Illis diebus (beginning of August), quia pestis vigebat in certi locis Leodii et circumquaque, et populus timens eam, sicut communi proverbio, ut post guerras et famem communiter sequitur mortalitas, quas idem populus , proh dolor, dolorose expertus, tanquam in navicula fluctuanti navigans, ne in fluctibus undarum procelle pestis demergatur, ad Doinum Creatorem omnium ejusque Matrem omnium criminum ablutricem, omnesque sanctos, tanquam a Dominus pro nobis intercessores, pro corde converus est, ejusque interventu misse speciales in omnibus ecclesiis parochialibus sut celebrate, quique diebus continuis, atque processiones cum delatione Venerabilis Sacramenti, sanctorum sanctarumque imaginum ac aliarum raliquiarum, subsequente popula utriusque sexus devotissime ardentes candelas in manibus gestante, illis diebus quibus fiebant, totam per civitatem processiones, et hoc paulo post, videlicet vicesima tertia septembris.		Chronique du règne de Jean de Horne, pp. 490-491	Translation needed
1498-06-06-Metz	6 June 1498 JL	A procession is organized in Metz to prevent the city against an epidemic of rubeola and properieulle (?). Mortality among children and adults.	Item, le mercerdy des festes de la Pentecotte, qui fut le VIe jour de jung, on fit une procession générale [...] en priant Dieu que voloit garder les biens de la terre, et garder la cité et le pays de guerre, et les corps humains de pestillence. Car tous les einffans devenoient mallades et de rougerieulle et de la propérieulle, et en mouroit beaucop, et morut des grans gens aussy.	On Wenesday after the Pentecost, the 6th of June, was held a procession [...] praying God to keep safe the agricultural goods, to prevent the country of the war, and human bodies of pestilence. Every children became actually sick with 'rougerieulle' and 'properieulle', and a lot of them died, as did some adult too.	Journal de Jean Aubrion, p. 405	Translation by Thomas Labbé
1502-00-00-Frankfurt	1502 JL	Outbreak of plague in Frankfurt accompanied by supplicatory processions.	Eodem anno (1502) fuit generalis processio cleri et populi cum venerabili sacramento propter epidemiam (Acta).	In this year (1502), there was a general procession of clergy and people with the venerable sacrament due to the epidemic (Acta).	Joannes Latomus 1884, p. 104.	Translation by Martin Bauch
1519-00-00-Frankfurt	June 1519 JL	Outbreak of plague in Frankfurt accompanied by supplicatory processions during the election of Emperor Charles V. on 19 June 1519	Et occupavit saevissima pestis omnem Germaniam. Servata est in praesentia principum processio publica pro illo malo pellendo, quod per dei gratiam prospere cessit (Antiquitates) / Eodem anno occupavit sevissima pestis omnem Germaniam et Francofordiam quoque, ut publica sit habita processio hic in electione principum, deferente Alberto archiepiscopo Moguntino venerabile sacramentum (Acta).	And the most severe plague ravaged all of Germany. A public procession was held in the presence of the princes to ward off that evil, which by God's grace, successfully ceased (Antiquitates) / In the same year, the most severe plague afflicted all of Germany, including Frankfurt. A public procession was held here during the election of the princes, with Archbishop Albert of Mainz carrying the venerable sacrament (Acta).	Joannes Latomus 1884, p. 111.	Translation by Martin Bauch

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