Winter

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In Winter, a total of 61 epidemic events are known so far.

Locations and Spreading

  Date Summary  
Source
Translation
  T
1190, Winter The mortality is high during the cold winter.   Hyemps sicca et calida. Mortalitas hominum immensa. [1] The winter (1190) has been dry and cold. The mortality has been enormous. (Translation: Thomas Labbé)
1216, November 28 In a letter a lethal disease in Egypt is mentioned, dated November 28, 1216.  

אלמהדב אלמתסוק מן מצר...
חואיג עטר ארגוה וצולהא אלינא
פתעלמני בדלך לאן קלבי משגול
מן דלך ומא כתבת הדה אלכדמה
אלא ואנא מריץ ולא תסאל מא אלנאס
פיה מן שדה אלאמראץ ואלמות
אלעאם אללה ירחם ישראל ויעצור
הנגף והדבר ברחמיו הרבים אמן
סרעה סרעה תעלמני בוצולהא
ליטמאן קלבי בעד תקביל מואטי
אקדאמהא
אצחאבנא גמיעהם מכתומין(?) באלסלאם...
ומהמא כאן ללמולא מן כדמה
או חאגה שרף אלכאדם בהא
אללה יגמע אלשמל ען קריב
ושלומך יגדל ואל ידל נצח סלה
אלסאדס ואלעשרין מן כסליו

קכח לשטרות
[2] 		In a letter that has survived as a fragment, a member of one of Egypt’s Jewish communities informs the addressee that a lethal disease (Arab. amrāḍ, Hebr. negef, dever) has affected an unnamed place in Egypt. The letter is dated November 28, 1216 (Kislev 16, 1528 Seleucid era). (Translation: Undine Ott)
1227, Winter High mortality in Iceland in 1227 as consequence of a "sandwinter", here possibly referring to eruptions in the Reykjanes volcanic system recorded in the Icelandic annals for 1226.   Sandvetr. […] Manndauðr mikill. [3] Sandwinter. […] High Mortality. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1227 Epizootic in 1227 in western Iceland   Þessi vetr var kallaðr sandvetr, ok var fellivetr mikill ok dó hundrað nauta fyrir Snorra Sturlusyni út í Svignaskarði. [4] That winter was called sandwinter, and it was a very hard winter when hundred of Snorri Sturluson's cattle died out in Svignaskarð. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1246, Winter Winter of plague in Iceland in 1246   Sótta vetr. [5] Plague-winter (in Iceland). (Translation: Carina Damm)
1252, Winter Famine in southern Iceland (Kirkjubær á Síðu) in 1252 due to a severe winter.   [...] er hallæri er mikit á komit því að nú er vetrarríki mikit ok er bæði illt til matar ok heyja. [6] [... ] now there is a great famine, for the winter is now very severe, and there is a shortage of both food and hay. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1278, Winter – 1279 Death of numerous people due to various diseases.[7]   Toe жe зимы[8][6786] мнoзи чeлoвѣци yмиpaxy[9]. paзличными нeдyги. [10] That winter 1278 many people died of various diseases. [11]
1282 A great wave of mortality went through Bohemia and Moravia. Heaps of people were burried in large ditches in the fields during winter and spring.   1282. Maxima mortalitas hominum fit per Boemiam et Moraviam. Nam Prage ac Brunne et alibi defuncti innumerabiles, velud fenum in curribus ad agros ducebantur; ibi in fossis profundis catervatim obstruuntur, tempore hyemalis et veris. [12] 1282. A maximum mortality of humans happened throughout Bohemia and Moravia. In Prague and Brno as well as in other places innumerable people died. Like hay they were brought in waggons to the fields and there, in the times of winter and spring, large ditches were filled with heaps of them. (Translation: Christian Oertel)
1284, Winter Famine in northern Iceland in 1284   Þenna vetur [...] kom mikið hallæri fyrir norðan land. [13] This winter [...] came a big famine over northern Iceland. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1287, Winter Famine in Iceland in 1287   aa þessum timum komu hardla storir vetr margir j samt. ok manndaudr af sullte eftir þat. [14] At that time, many severe winters came, and mortality due to hunger. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1291, Winter Epizootic in Iceland in the year 1291   Felli vetr eymvni hinn micli. [15] An unforgettable hard winter when cattle died. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1291 Smallpox and an epizootic in Iceland in 1291   Bolna sott a lslande. [...] Jǫkǫl vę́tr mikill ok felli vetr. [16] Smallpox on Iceland. [...] A harsh, icy winter when cattle died. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1291, Winter Epizootic in Iceland in 1290, probably referring to the same event as Annales reseniani and Annales regii for 1291   Fellivetr hinn mikli. [17] Harsh winter when many cattle died. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1300, December – 1301, December
VN: 500 		Mortality in northern Iceland around Christmas 1300, in fact 1301. Eruption of Hekla, an earthquake and observation of a comet, certainly Halley on 26 Oct. 1301, in Iceland and Norway   Eldur hið v. í Heklufelli og land skjálfti fyrir sunnan land og myrkur viða um héruð af sandfalli mikið. Eldurinn var uppi nær xij mánuði. Mannfall fyrir norðan land, bæði fyrir jól og eftir. Létust eigi færii en d. manna. Sén cometa um allt Ísland og í Noregi. [18] Fifth fire in Hekla and earthquake in the south of the country. Darkness in the district due to a great fall of ash. The fire was up for almost twelve months. Mortality in the north of the country, both during and after Christmas. No less than 500 men died. [...] Comet seen all over Iceland and in Norway. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1301, December
VN: 500 		Mortality in northern Iceland around Christmas 1301. Observation of the comet Halley on 26 Oct. 1301 in Iceland and in Norway   Sén cometa béði i Noregi ok á Islanndi. [...] Mannfall firir norðan lannd firir iol ok eptir. ok fell eigi fę́ra en d manna. [19] Comet seen both in Iceland and in Norway. [...] Mortality in the north of the country during and after Christmas. And no less than 500 people died. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1301, December
VN: 500 		Mortality in northern Iceland around Christmas 1301. Observation of a comet, certainly Halley on 26 Oct. 1301, in Iceland and Norway   Sen cometa viða bæði a Islandi oc i Noregi. Mannfall fyrir norðan land fyrir jol oc eptir. oc fellu (eigi) færa en fim hundrut. [20] Comet seen wide both on Iceland and in Norway. Mortality in the north of the country during and after Christmas. Not less than five hundred died. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1310, January 4 – 1310, February 1
VN: 100 per day 		Epidemic (wabāʾ) in Cairo in Shaʿbān 709 AH (January 4 - February 1, 1310). 100 people died per day.  
1310-01-04-Cairo.jpg
 [21] 		(Translation needed)
1313, Winter Epizootic in Iceland in the year 1313.     Hrossfellivetur.   [22] Harsh winter in which many horses died.   (Translation: Carina Damm)
1313, Winter Epizootic in Iceland in 1313   hrider og fiar fellir micill æ Islandi svo at vida vm sveiter vrdu menn mioc svo snauder at kvikfie og mest hrossa fie. [23] Snowstorms and mortality of cattle on Iceland so that in many parts of the countryside people became very destitute of livestock and mostly horses. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1313, Winter Epizootic in Iceland in 1313   Snio vetr allmikill vm allt ok þar með fial fellir. [24] Very harsh winter with snow all over the country and with it mortality of cattle. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1316 Great Famine in Northwest-Europe, therefore grain export from southern Italy; epidemic also in Italy   Nel detto anno MCCXVI grande pestilenzia di fame e mortalità avenne nelle parti di Germania, cioè nelle Magna di sopra verso tramontana, e stesesi in Olanda, e in Frisia, e in Silanda, e in Brabante, e in Fiandra, e in Analdo, e infino ne la Borgogna, e in parte di Francia; e fu sì pericolosa, che più che il terzo de la gente morirono, e da l'uno giorno a l'altro quegli che parea sano era morto. E 'l caro fu sì grande di tutte vittuaglie e di vino, che se non fosse che di Cicilia e di Puglia vi si mandò per mare gli mercantati per lo grande guadagno, tutti morieno di fame. Questa pestilenzia avenne per lo verno dinanzi, e poi la primavera e tutta la state fu sì forte piovosa, e 'l paese è basso, che l'acqua soperchiò e guastò ogni semanta. Allora le terre affogarono sì, che più anni appresso quasi non fruttarono, e corruppe l'aria. E dissono certi astrolaghi che la cometa ch'apparve, ch'ella dovea venire perché la sua infruenzia fu sopra quegli paesi. E in quello tempo la detta pestilenzia contenne simigliamente i Romagna e in Casentino infino in Mugello. [25] In the said year (1316) there was a great plague of famine and death in the parts of Germany, that is, in Magna above towards the north, and it spread to Holland, and to Friesland, and to Silesia, and to Brabant, and to Flanders, and to Analde, and even to Burgundy, and to parts of France; and it was so dangerous that more than a third of the people died, and from one day to the next those who seemed healthy were dead. And the cost was so great of all the victuals and wine, that if it were not for the fact that the merchants of Cicilia and Apulia were sent there by sea for the great profit, all died of hunger. This pestilence happened during the winter before, and then the spring and the whole state was so rainy, and the land was so low, that the water overpowered and spoiled every seed. Then the land drowned so, that more years after it scarcely bore fruit, and corrupted the air. And certain astrologers said that the comet that appeared, that it had to come because its infuence was over those countries. And at that time the said pestilence similarly contained the Romagna and Casentino until Mugello. (Translation: DeepL)
1318, Winter – 1319 Plague among people in Tver   Toe же зимы [6826] бысть моръ въ Tвepи нa люди. [26] This winter [6826] 1318 (and 1319?)[27] there was a plague in Tver among the people. (Translation: Dariusz Dabrowski)
1320 Famine in Iceland in 1320   Var mikið hallæri um veturinn og veður ofsahörð og lágu við hafísar. [28] There was a great famine during the winter and the weather was very harsh, and there was sea ice. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1320 – 1321 Plague in Novgorod the Great and in Tver   дopoгo. мopъ. [29] Expensive. Plague. [30]
1331, Winter Famine in Iceland in the winter of 1331   Vetur þenna var mjög hörð veðrátta og varð heylitið á búum staðarins en margt kvikfé. [...] Veðráttan tók að harðna og hélt svo sömu harðindum fram. Kom svo að sauðfénaður staðarins datt niður unnvörpum í megurð. [31] This winter was very harsh and the local farms lost a lot of livestock. [...] The weather began to harden and then continued the same hardiness. It came to pass that the sheep of the place were reduced to nothing through starvation. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1331, Winter – 1331, Spring Mortality of sheep in Iceland due the harsh winter of 1331 that lasted until Lent   Vetur þessi varð mjög harður. ... Hélzt hörð veðrátta allt til vors og í langaföstu datt niður fénaður staðarins unnvörpum af megurð og sulti. [32] This winter was very hard. ... Harsh weather lasted until spring, and during Lent the local livestock died from starvation and hunger. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1340 A plague before easter in the area of Klettgau   Hoc eciam tempore in quadragesima in Kleggow pestilencia hominum grandis et satis prevalida orta est, ita quod citra Tuͥengen et Keiserstůl et Klingnow certatim morerentur et multi periculose infirmarentur. [33] (Translation needed)
1341, Winter – 1341, Summer Great mortality among sheep and cattle in southern Iceland in 1341   Snio vetr sva micill fyrir sunnan land at engi vissi dæmi til annars þviliks. lagði a fyrir vetr ok helltz til sumars ok fylgði fiar fellir micill allz háttar. Elldz vpp quama inn setta í Heklu felli einni nótt eptir festum Dunstani. með sva miklu myrkri af ósku fallinu at í sumum stóðum fra dagmalum til nóns sa ekki skrím vti helldr enn menn væri blindir. ok var þo mikit myrkr allan daginn ok marga aðra siðan tok askan i aukla undir Eyia fióllum. ok fylgði naut fellir micill. annarr elldr var vppi í Hnappar vallar iókli. hinn priði i Herði breið yfir Fliotzdals heraði ok voru allir jafnsnemma vppi. [34] A winter with such a great snowfall in the south of the country that no one knew of anything alike. [The snow] laid before the winter and stayed until the summer, and was followed by a great mortality of all kinds among sheep. The last volcanic eruption of Mount Hekla one night after the feast of St Dunstan (= 19 May) [happened] with so much darkness from the fall of ash that in some places it was impossible to see anything outside from daytime to the ninth hour, and people were blind. And it was very dark all day and many others were covered by the ash under Eyjafjöll and there followed a great loss of cattle. Another fire was up in Hnapparvallarjökull, the third in Herðubreið above the region of Fljótsdal and they were all up at the same time. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1349, January 27 On January 27, 1349, the Friday preacher Tāj al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Qazwīnī died of plague in Damascus after two days of illness. The members of his household were infected, too; his brother Ṣadr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Karīm died soon afterwards.  
1349-01-27-Damascus.png
 [35] 		(Translation needed)
1349, February 20 Three canons in Oslo announce that Bothild Arnesdatter ceded 12 öresbol (landed property with the rental value of 12 öre per year) in Faluvold in Nes Parish in Romerike to her husband Olaf Peterssön in order to go on a pilgrimage to Rome. Peterssön in turn sold the estate to the newly built St Sebastian's Altar in St Halvards Church in Oslo   Ollum monnum þæim sæm þetta bref sea ædr hœyra senda Æirik Œystæins son Haluarder Biærnar son Arnulfuer Stæinars son korsbrœdr j Oslo q. g. ok sina kunnikt gerande at ver varom j hia j garde varom brœdranna a friadaghen nesta firir Mathios messo anno domini mo. ccco. xlo. nono saam ok hœyrdom at Bottilder Arna dotter gaf ok afhendi Olafue Peters syni husbonda sinum xii aura boll j Faluuælli er ligger auster medr aani j Ness sokn medr ollum lunnindum sæm till liggia eder leget hafua fra forno ok nyu vttan gardz ok innan honom till Rumfærdar ok samstundis seldi fyrnemfder Olafuer medr ja ok handarbande altare hins hælgha Sebastiani er nybygt er j kirkiu hins hælga Haluardz j hender æreleghs manz sira Gyrdz Asla sonar sambrodor vars firir half fimtu mark ræidu gangs penigha huart œyris boll medr samþykt skylrikz manz Þronda Kraka sonar logmanz j kononghs garde er settir ero ok samþyktir ok lystir vmbods men vm þa almoso ok salo hialper sæm gefner ero ok gefuazdz kan till fyrnemfdz sancti Sebastiani altares honom at hagnyta ok till nytsæmdar venda sæm þæir sia firir gudi at haglaste se. jattade ok en Botilder medr handarbande ef fyrnemfd jord Falu uoller verder æighi friollss æder j

nokorom lutt amaghæt skall oftnæmft altare æigha xii aura boll j Folmo er ligger j samre sokn medr ollum foruord ok skilmala sæm seghir ok till sannynda þessa þæira kaups ok vare hiauero settum vær var insigli firir þetta bref er gort var deghi are ok stad sæm fyr seghir. [36]

(Translation: Carina Damm)
1357, November 1 – 1358, January 31 Clear weather around Florence causes a common cold with considerable mortality   Essendo dal cominciamento del verno continovato fino a gennaio un’ aria sottilissima, chiara e serena, e mantenuta sanza ravolgimento di nuvoli o di venti, oltre all’ usato naturale modo, per sperienza del fatto si conobbe che da questa aria venne una influenza, che poco meno che tutti i corpi umani della città, e del contado e distretto di Firenze, e delle circustanti vicinanze, fece infreddare, e durare il freddo avelenato ne’ corpi assai più lungamente che ll’ usato modo. E per dieta o per altri argomenti che’ medici [p. 167] sapessono trovare, no potieno avacciare la liberagione, né da quello liberare le loro persone, e molti dopo la lunga malatia ne morivano; e vegnendo apresso la primavera, molti morirono di subitana morte. Dissesi per li astrolaghi che ffu per influenza di costellazioni, altri per troppa sottigliezza d’aria nel tempo della vernata. [37] From the beginning of winter until the end of January [1358], a gentle weather (air), clear and sunny, persisted without any clouds or winds – very much beyond what is natural. By experience one knew that this weather exterted an influence on all human bodies in the city and the surrounding countryside of Florence, and let them catch a cold. And this poisonous cold stayed in the bodies much longer than usual. And the doctors could not provide a solution from diets and other measures, and many of the persons afflicted died after a long disease. And as spring came close, many died an instant death. The astrologuers said this was because of the influence of constellations, others said because of the subtile air during wintertime. (Translation: Martin Bauch)
1358 A plague along the Rhine, in Cologne, with inclement weather, cold in wintern and dearth of foodstuffs.   Eo tempore est facta pestilencia valida in partibus inferioribus et in Colonia et inibi. Eo tempore antequam vindemia inciperet vinum fuit tam preciosum, quod vinum venale non inveniebatur; sed postea statim quando uve erant collecte vinum optimo foro erat, sicut unquam in decem annis antea factum est: ita ego vidi et audivi. Hyeme sequenti Rhenum est compactum circa tres septimanas. [38] At that time (1358), a severe pestilence occurred in the lower regions and in Cologne and its vicinity. At that time, before the grape harvest began, wine was so precious that it was not available for sale; but afterward, as soon as the grapes were collected, the wine was of the best quality ever seen in the market, as it was never in the past ten years: so I saw and heard. The following winter, the Rhine was frozen for about three weeks. (Translation: Martin Bauch); For german transl. [39]
1364, Winter – 1365, Spring Epidemic in Pereyaslavl.   На тү же зимү [6872] и веснү [68873] моръ бы(с)[ть] в Переӕславли. [40] In the winter 1364/1365 and spring 1365 the epidemic was in Pereyaslavl. (Translation: Adrian Jusupovic)
1376, Winter Mortality due to a severe winter in the Icelandic Westfjords in 1376   Vetr micill og manndavdi vm Vestfiordv. [41] Harsh winter and mortality in the Westfjords. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1380, July 13 – 1380, December Pestilence in Bohemia which lasted from the day of St Margarethe (July 13) until winter.   Anno Domini 1380. Pestilencia non modica in Boemia instaurata agesto s. Margarethe usque ad yemem perduravit. [42] Year of the Lord 1380. A considerable plague was instated in Bohemia, lasting from the feast of Saint Margaret until winter. (Translation: Christian Oertel)
1402 Great plague in Iceland in 1402   Jtem kom ut Hual einar Heriolfs son med flat skip er hann atti sialfur. kom þar ut j suo micil brada sott. at menn lagv daudir innan þriggia natta. Þar til er heitid uar þrimur lofmessvm med sæmeligv bæna halldi oc lios bruna. Jtem var lofad þurfostv fyrir kyndil messo. enn vatnfasta fyrir iol æuenliga. feingv sidan flestir skriptab mal adur enn lietust. Geck sotten um haustid fyrir sunnan land. med suo mickille ogn ad aleyddi bæi vida. enn folkid uar ecki sialfbiarga þat eptir lifde i morgum stodum. Sera Ali Svarthofda son deydi fyrst af kenne monnum um haustid. oc þar (!) brodir Grimur kirkiu prestur j Skalholti. sidan hver eptir annan heima presta. Sera Hoskulldur radsmadur a iola daginn sialfvann. Aleyddi þa þegar stadinn at lærdvm monnum oc leikvm. fyrir utan byskupinn sialfann oc ij leikmenn. [43] Then Hval-Einar Herjólfsson sailed out with the ship he had himself. A sudden and severe disease broke out there, so that people lay dead within three nights until three masses were sung with the appropriate prayers and burning candles. Likewise, fasting without water was vowed at Candlemas and fasting with water always before Christmas. Then, most could make their confessions before they died. In autumn, the plague raged in the south of the country with so much terror that villages died out almost entirely. And people were not able to safe themselves in many places. The first priest to die in the autumn was Father Áli Svarthöfðason, followed by Brother Grímur, parish priest in Skálholt, and then one resident priest after the other, the counsellor, Father Höskuldur, exactly on Christmas Day. Thus the episcopate (Skálholtsstaður) was emptied of learned men and lay people, save for the bishop himself and two lay people. (Translation: Carina Damm)
1406 – 1407 Plague in Pleskov in winter   Тогда [6914][44] бяше моръ во Пьсковѣ над людьми железою. [45] [46] There 1406/1407 was then a plague with swelling/blister/cerebral oedema[47] in Pskov. [48]
1417, Winter – 1418 Attack of the plague in many areas of northern Rusia.   Bъ то же лѣтo [6925] быcть мopъ cтpaшeнъ въ людexъ въ Hoвѣгopoдѣ Beликoмъ и въ Лaдoзѣ, и въ Pycѣ, и въ Пopxoвѣ, и въ Пcкoвѣ, и въ Topжькy, и въ Tфepи, и въ Дмитpoвѣ, и пo влacтeмъ иxъ; и толь великъ быcть мopъ, яко живiи не ycпѣвaxy мepтвыxъ погpeбати, ниже доволни бяxy здравiи болящимъ служити, но единъ здравыи десятерымъ болeмъ служаще, и мнози дворы пусти бышa, a вo инoмъ единъ человѣкъ ocтacя или двa, a индѣ единo дѣтище. Болѣзнь же сицeвa быcть людeмъ: преже, яко poгатиною ударитъ за лопaтку или противу cepдцa подъ груди и пpомежи крилъ, и paзболѣвся начнетъ кровiю xpaкaти и огнь pажжетъ, по ceмъ потъ иметь, потoмъ дрожь иметъ, и иметь xoдити по всѣмъ cъcтавомъ человѣчимъ недугъ тои; желѣзa же не единаче, иному на шiи, дрyгому на стѣгнѣ, оному подъ пазухою или подъ скулою, или за лопaткoю и въ пaxy и на инѣхъ мѣстexъ, и въ болѣзни тои полeжавше, cъ покаанiемъ и cъ масломъ, мнози же и aггельска образа сподобившеся, oтъ житiя oтxoжaxy; cице бо милocepдiе свoe и казнь cъ милocтiю людемъ cвоимъ послa. [49] That year [6925] there was a terrible plague among the people in Novgorod the Great, and in Ladoga, and in Russa, and in Porkhov, and in Pskov, and in Torzhok, and in Tver, and in Dmitrov, and in their estates; and then there was a great plague, so that the living were not able to bury the dead. The healthy should have served the sick, but one healthy person had to serve ten sick people. And many manors were empty, in one a man or two remained, and in another only a child. The disease progressed as follows in humans: first, as if struck with bear spear behind the shoulder blade or in front of the heart, in the chest and between the collarbones. And when he falls ill, he begins to spit blood and [as if] a burning fire, then he sweats, then he shivers, and this suffering spreads through all his joints. The swelling/blisters were not in the same [places], some on the neck, the other on the tendon, the other under the armpit, or under the cheekbone, or behind the shoulder blade and under the armpit, and in other places. And lying in this disease, after confession and [anointing] with [holy] oil, they took an angelic shape and departed from life. Thus [God] sent His mercy and punishment with love to people. (Translation: Dariusz Dabrowski)[50]
1417, Summer – 1417, Winter A fearful plague among the people in Novgorod, and in Ladoga, in Russa, Porkhov, Pskov, Tver, Dmitrov, and in Torzhok, and throughout their districts and villages   В то же лѣто и зиму [6925] [51] бѣ моръ страшенъ в Новѣгородѣ на людех, и в Ладозѣ, и в Русѣ, и в Порховѣ, и во Пьсковѣ, и въ Торжьку, и въ Дмитровѣ, и во Тфѣри, и по властемъ и по погостомъ. И како могу сказати ту бѣду страшную и грозную, бывшюю в весь моръ; кака туга живым по мертвыхъ, понеже умножишася умерших въ градѣх и селех, тѣм же едва успѣваху живии мертвых опрятывати, на всякъ день умираху толко, яко не успѣваху погрѣбати их, а дворовъ много затвориша безъ людии. Преже яко рогатынею ударить и явится железа, или начнет кровию хракати и потомь дрожь имет и огнь ражьжет по всѣмъ уставам человѣческымъ естественым, и недуг походит; и в то болѣзни мнози, лежавъ, изомроша[52]. Мнозѣх же крестиянъ богъ помилова своею милостию: отъидоша житья сего въ аггельском чину, от архиереи маслом мазавшимся; и два посадника преставистася в том же чину: Иванъ Олександрович, Борисъ Васильевич. А владыка Семеонъ съ всею седмию сборовъ и съ крестианы, со кресты обходи около всего великаго Новагорода, молися богу и пречистѣи его матери о престатьи гнѣва божиа. [53] The same summer and winter [6925] there was a fearful plague among the people in Novgorod, and in Ladoga, in Russa, Porkhov, Pskov, Tver, Dmitrov, and in Torzhok, and throughout their districts and villages. And how can I relate the fearful and terrible misery that there was during the whole plague ? What grief the living had for the dead, for the deaths increased so in towns and villages that

the living had barely time to make the dead tidy for burial; so many died every day, that they had not time to bury them; and many houses were closed unoccupied. First of all it would hit one as if with a lance, choking, and then a swelhng would appear, or spitting of blood with shivering, and fire would burn one in all the joints of the body; and then the illness would overwhelm one; and many after lying in that illness died. But to many Christians God was merciful : they left this life entering the angelic order after receiving holy unction from the Vladyka. And two Posadniks died in the same order: Ivan Olexandrovich and Boris Vasilievich. And Vladyka Simeon with all the seven congregations, with the Christians and with crosses went round the whole of Great Novgorod, praying God and His Immaculate Mother to withhold the wrath of God ; and the Christians on horseback and afoot drew logs from the forest and built a church to St. Anastasia which was consecrated the same day by the Vladyka Simeon who performed a holy liturgy ; with the remainder of the logs, they erected a church to St. Ilya in Prussian Street. And the people of Novi-torg put up a church to St. Afanasi likewise in a single day, and performed a liturgy. [54]

1417, Summer – 1418, Winter A fearful plague among the people in Novgorod, and in Ladoga, in Russa, Porkhov, Pskov, Tver, Dmitrov, and in Torzhok, and throughout their districts and villages   В то же лѣто и зиму [6925] [55] бѣ моръ страшенъ в Новѣгородѣ на людех, и в Ладозѣ, и в Русѣ, и в Порховѣ, и во Пьсковѣ, и въ Торжьку, и въ Дмитровѣ, и во Тфѣри, и по властемъ и по погостомъ. И како могу сказати ту бѣду страшную и грозную, бывшюю в весь моръ; кака туга живым по мертвыхъ, понеже умножишася умерших въ градѣх и селех, тѣм же едва успѣваху живии мертвых опрятывати, на всякъ день умираху толко, яко не успѣваху погрѣбати их, а дворовъ много затвориша безъ людии. Преже яко рогатынею ударить и явится железа, или начнет кровию хракати и потомь дрожь имет и огнь ражьжет по всѣмъ уставам человѣческымъ естественым, и недуг походит; и в то болѣзни мнози, лежавъ, изомроша[56]. Мнозѣх же крестиянъ богъ помилова своею милостию: отъидоша житья сего въ аггельском чину, от архиереи маслом мазавшимся; и два посадника преставистася в том же чину: Иванъ Олександрович, Борисъ Васильевич. А владыка Семеонъ съ всею седмию сборовъ и съ крестианы, со кресты обходи около всего великаго Новагорода, молися богу и пречистѣи его матери о престатьи гнѣва божиа. [57] The same summer and winter [6925] there was a fearful plague among the people in Novgorod, and in Ladoga, in Russa, Porkhov, Pskov, Tver, Dmitrov, and in Torzhok, and throughout their districts and villages. And how can I relate the fearful and terrible misery that there was during the whole plague ? What grief the living had for the dead, for the deaths increased so in towns and villages that the living had barely time to make the dead tidy for burial; so many died every day, that they had not time to bury them; and many houses were closed unoccupied. First of all it would hit one as if with a lance, choking, and then a swelhng would appear, or spitting of blood with shivering, and fire would burn one in all the joints of the body; and then the illness would overwhelm one; and many after lying in that illness died. But to many Christians God was merciful : they left this life entering the angelic order after receiving holy unction from the Vladyka. And two Posadniks died in the same order: Ivan Olexandrovich and Boris Vasilievich. And Vladyka Simeon with all the seven congregations, with the Christians and with crosses went round the whole of Great Novgorod, praying God and His Immaculate Mother to withhold the wrath of God ; and the Christians on horseback and afoot drew logs from the forest and built a church to St. Anastasia which was consecrated the same day by the Vladyka Simeon who performed a holy liturgy ; with the remainder of the logs, they erected a church to St. Ilya in Prussian Street. And the people of Novi-torg put up a church to St. Afanasi likewise in a single day, and performed a liturgy. [58]
1421, September Another wave of plague, probably in Vladimir-Suzdalian Rusia   Toe же oceни [6929] ceнтавриа и поча быти болѣзнь коркотна и на зиму глад бысть. [59] That autumn, in September [6929], the plague began and there was famine in the winter. (Translation: Dariusz Dabrowski)
1439, November Nils Stensson, member of the Council of Sweden (riksråd) dies of the plague, and not because the imperial regent Karl Knutsson, the later King Karl VIII, had him imprisoned   til norköpung fördis niels tha, ther döde han aff pestilencia [60] to Norrköping was Nils then led, where he died of the plague (Translation: Carina Damm)
1451, September 8 – 1452, March 21 A "notable" plague occurred in Wrocław in 1451. starting around the feast of the birth of St. Mary the Virgin (September 8) and lasting throught the whole winter.   A. 1451. Pestis notabilis. Eodem anno 1451 fuit notabilis pestis Wratislavie et oppidis ac villis hinc inde, incepit circa festum nativitatis Marie et duravit quasi per totam hyemem leniter. [61] Year 1451. Notable plague. In the same year 1451 there was a notable plague in Wrocław and the towns and villages from there onwards. It started around the feast of the birth of St. Mary the Virgin (September 8) and lasted in a milder way virtually through the whole of the winter. (Translation: Christian Oertel)
1472, December Mortality in Metz.   Item en ycelle année, il fist ung yver pluvioux et ne gellit presque point ; et molroit on ung poc de la pest et des aprison. [62] In this year (1472), the winter has been very wet and with almost no frost. And few people died of the pest and of fever. (Translation: Thomas Labbé)

References

  1. ↑ • Anonymus: Chronica regia Coloniensis. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica (= MGH SS rer. Germ.). Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1880 , p. 147.
  2. ↑ • Anonymus: Princeton Geniza Project (PGP). , T-S 6J6.20, ed. by Alan Elbaum PGP
  3. ↑ Annales regii. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 127; https://icelandicvolcanos.is/
  4. ↑ Íslendinga saga. In: Kristian Kålund: Sturlunga saga efter membranen Króksfjarðarbók udfyldt efter Reykjarfjarðarbók, I. København 1906-1911, p. 386
  5. ↑ Skálholtsannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania, 1888, p. 190
  6. ↑ Kristian Kålund: Sturlunga saga efter membranen Króksfjarðarbók udfyldt efter Reykjarfjarðarbók. 2. København/Kristiania, 1911, p. 123
  7. ↑ The source does not specify the place where the unspecified disease(s) occurred. It was probably Vladimir-Suzdalian Rusia, because the source was written from this perspective.
  8. ↑ Since the event took place in winter, it can be assumed with a high degree of credibility that it began in 1278 and lasted until 1279.
  9. ↑ The term "нeдyгъ" was used in medieval Rusia with the meaning: disease, disability, defect, suffering, torment (Словарь древнерусского языка (XI–XIV вв.), vol. III, Мocквa: Институт Pyccкoгo Языкa PAH, 2002, p. 263.
  10. ↑ Симеоновская летопись, in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, vol. XVIII, Mocквa: Знак, 2007, p. 76.
  11. ↑ Identical information is provided by: Московский лeтoпиcный свод конца XV века, in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, vol. XXV, Mocквa: Языки Cлaвянcкoй Kyльтypы, 2004, p. 152.
  12. ↑ Continuatio Vindobonensis, in: MGH SS 9, ed. Pertz (1851), pp. 698-722, 712, l. 24-26
  13. ↑ Guðrún Ása Grímsdóttir: Árna saga biskups. In: Biskupa sögur III (= Íslenzk fornrit, 17). Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka fornritfélag, 1998, p. 136
  14. ↑ Lögmannsannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 260
  15. ↑ Annales reseniani. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 30
  16. ↑ Annales regii. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 143
  17. ↑ Flateyjarannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 385
  18. ↑ Skálholtsannáll. Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 199
  19. ↑ Annales regii. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 146
  20. ↑ Høyersannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 73
  21. ↑ • al-Birzālī, ʿAlam ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad al-Qāsim: Al-Muqtafī ʿalā Kitāb Al-Rawḍatayn li-Abī Shāma. 4, Beirut 2006 , vol. 2, p. 432.
  22. ↑ Annales regii. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 75
  23. ↑ Gottskálksannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 343
  24. ↑ Skálholtsannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 203
  25. ↑ • Giovanni Villani: Nuova Cronica (= Biblioteca di scrittori italiani). Fondazione Pietro Bembo, Parma 1990 , vol. 2: p. 285
  26. ↑ Симеоновская летопись, in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, vol. XVIII, Mocквa: Знак, 2007, p. 89.
  27. ↑ The source notes that the plague occurred in winter. Therefore, it could extend to the years 1318-1319.
  28. ↑ Biskupa sögur III, p. 339-340
  29. ↑ T.M. Гимoн, Летописные записи на Пacxaльныx таблицax cбopникa XIV в., in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, т. III, Mocквa: Языки Pyccкoй Kyльтypы, 2000, pp. 579, 587.
  30. ↑ According to Timofei Guimon, this mention has analogies in Simeon's Latopis and concerns events from the winter of 1320/1321 (T.M. Гимoн, Летописные записи на Пacxaльныx таблицax cбopникa XIV в., in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, т. III, Mocвa: Языки Pyccкoй Kyльтypы, 2000, p. 587
  31. ↑ Lárentíus saga biskups, A. In: Guðrún Ása Grímsdóttir: Árna saga biskups. In: Biskupa sögur III (= Íslenzk fornrit, 17). Reykjavík 1998, pp. 432, 435
  32. ↑ Lárentíus saga biskups. In: Guðrún Ása Grímsdóttir: Árna saga biskups. In: Biskupa sögur III (= Íslenzk fornrit, 17). Reykjavík 1998, pp. 432-33
  33. ↑ • Johannes von Winterthur: Chronik / Johannes von Winterthur. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica (= MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Nova series). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1924 , p. 173
  34. ↑ Skálholtsannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 273
  35. ↑ • Ibn Kathīr, ʿImād al-Dīn Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar: Al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya fī l-tārīkh. 21 vols.. Giza , vol. 18 (1998), p. 509.
  36. ↑ DN II, no. 298. In: Chr. C. A. Lange, C. R. Unger: Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Vol. 2. Christiania 1851, p. 246
  37. ↑ • Matteo Villani: Cronica.Con la continuazione di Filippo Villani (= Biblioteca di scrittori italiani). Parma 1995 , vol. 2, pp. 166-167
  38. ↑ • Anonymus: Chronicon Moguntinum. In: Chronicon Moguntinum (= MGH SSrG. 2). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1882, pp. 1-90 , p. 7.
  39. ↑ • Johannes Kungstein: Mainzer Chronik 1346 bis 1406 – Chronicon Moguntinum. Festgabe für Anton Issel (= Lebendiges Rheinland-Pfalz). Mainz 2009 , p. 33
  40. ↑ Suzdal’skаia lеtоpis’ in Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopiseĭ, vol. I, Moscow 2001: Iazyki Slaviankoĭ Kul’tury, col. 533.
  41. ↑ Gottskálksannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 363
  42. ↑ Anonymous, Chronicon Bohemicum Pragense, ed. J. Emler (Fontes rerum Bohemicarum, vol. VII, s.a.) p. 10-13, p. 11.
  43. ↑ Lögmannsannáll. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Kristiania 1888, p. 286
  44. ↑ Perhaps the plague covered the winter months not only of 1406, but also the very beginning of the following year. As you know, in the Rusian system the year began on March 1.
  45. ↑ Interestingly, the term "железa" is not recorded in dictionaries of the Old Rusian language (И.И. Срезневский, Материалы для Словаря Древнерусского языка, т. I, Mocква: Знaк, 2003; Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв., вып. V, Мocквa: Нayкa, 1975; Словник староукраїнської мови XIV–XV ст., т. I, Kиїв: Нayкoвa дyмкa 1977; Словарь древнерусского языка (XI–XIV вв.), т. III, Мocквa: Pyccкий Язык, 1990), but the dictionary of dialects does know it (Cлoвapь pyccкиx нapoдныx гoвopoв, вып. 9, Лeнингpaд: Нayкa, 1972, p. 107.
  46. ↑ Новгородская первая летопись младшего изводa (Комиссионный список), in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, т. III, Mocвa: Языки Pyccкoй Kyльтypы, 2000, p. 399.
  47. ↑ The English translator used the word: „glands” to describe the symptoms of the disease. I think it is better to specify the dates: swelling/blister/cerebral oedema.
  48. ↑ The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471 translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes […] with an Introduction by C. Raymond Beazley. London: Gray’s inn., W.C., 1914 (= Camden Third Series, Vol. XXV), p. 178.
  49. ↑ Симеоновская летопись, in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, vol. XVIII, Mocквa: Знак, 2007, p. 163–164.
  50. ↑ Similar information, but without specifying the places where the plague occurred, was recorded in: Московский лeтoпиcный свод конца XV века, in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, т. XXV, Mocквa: Языки Cлaвянcкoй Kyльтypы, 2004, p. 243.
  51. ↑ Perhaps the second, winter wave of the plague covered not only the winter months of 1417, but also the very beginning of the following year. As you know, in the Russian system the year began on March 1.
  52. ↑ Symptoms analogous to those in 1352/1353.
  53. ↑ Новгородская первая летопись младшего изводa (Комиссионный список), in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, т. III, Mocвa: Языки Pyccкoй Kyльтypы, 2000, c. 408.
  54. ↑ The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471 translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes […] with an Introduction by C. Raymond Beazley. London: Gray’s inn., W.C., 1914 (= Camden Third Series, Vol. XXV), p. 186.
  55. ↑ Perhaps the second, winter wave of the plague covered not only the winter months of 1417, but also the very beginning of the following year. As you know, in the Russian system the year began on March 1.
  56. ↑ Symptoms analogous to those in 1352/1353.
  57. ↑ Новгородская первая летопись младшего изводa (Комиссионный список), in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, т. III, Mocвa: Языки Pyccкoй Kyльтypы, 2000, c. 408.
  58. ↑ The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471 translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes […] with an Introduction by C. Raymond Beazley. London: Gray’s inn., W.C., 1914 (= Camden Third Series, Vol. XXV), p. 186.
  59. ↑ Московский лeтoпиcный свод конца XV века, in: Полное Cобрание Pусских Летописей, т. XXV, Mocквa: Языки Cлaвянcкoй Kyльтypы, 2004, p. 245.
  60. ↑ • Gustaf Edvard Klemming: Nya eller Karls-Krönikan. Början af Unions-Striderna samt Karl Knutssons Regering. 1389–1452. (= Svenska Fornskriftsällskapets Samlingar (SFSS)). P.A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm 1866 , p. 223, col. 6514-15
  61. ↑ Sequuntur gesta diversa transactis temporibus facta in Silesia et alibi, in: Scriptores rerum Silesiacarum, vol. 12, ed. Wachter, p. 37-86, 62
  62. ↑ • Jean Aubrion: Journal de Jean Aubrion, bourgeois de Metz, avec sa continuation par Pierre Aubrion (1465–1512). F. Blanc, Metz , p. 17.
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